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History Of Python
The programming language Python was conceived in the late 1980s, and its implementation was started in December 1989 by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the Netherlands as a successor to ABC capable of exception handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system. Van Rossum was Python's principal author and had a central role in deciding the direction of Python (as reflected in the title given to him by the Python community, ''Benevolent Dictator for Life'' (BDFL)) until stepping down as leader on July 12, 2018. Python was named after the BBC TV show ''Monty Python's Flying Circus''. Python 2.0 was released on October 16, 2000, with many major new features, such as list comprehensions, cycle-detecting garbage collector, reference counting, memory management and support for Unicode, along with a change to the development process itself, with a shift to a more transparent and community-backed process. Python 3.0, a major, backwards-incompatible release, was released on D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Python Logo 1990s
Python may refer to: Snakes * Pythonidae, a family of nonvenomous snakes found in Africa, Asia, and Australia ** Python (genus), ''Python'' (genus), a genus of Pythonidae found in Africa and Asia * Python (mythology), a mythical serpent Computing * Python (programming language), a widely used high-level programming language * Python, a native code compiler for CMU Common Lisp * Python, the internal project name for the PERQ#PERQ 3, PERQ 3 computer workstation People * Python of Aenus (4th-century BCE), student of Plato * Python (painter) (ca. 360–320 BCE), vase painter in Poseidonia * Python of Byzantium (4th-century BCE), orator, diplomat of Philip II of Macedon * Python of Catana, poet who accompanied Alexander the Great * Python Anghelo (1954–2014), Romanian graphic artist Roller coasters * Python (Efteling), a roller coaster in the Netherlands * Python (Busch Gardens Tampa Bay), a defunct roller coaster * Python (Coney Island, Cincinnati, Ohio), a steel roller coaster Ve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reference Counting
In computer science, reference counting is a programming technique of storing the number of references, pointers, or handles to a resource, such as an object, a block of memory, disk space, and others. In garbage collection algorithms, reference counts may be used to deallocate objects that are no longer needed. Advantages and disadvantages The main advantage of the reference counting over tracing garbage collection is that objects are reclaimed ''as soon as'' they can no longer be referenced, and in an incremental fashion, without long pauses for collection cycles and with clearly defined lifetime of every object. In real-time applications or systems with limited memory, this is important to maintain responsiveness. Reference counting is also among the simplest forms of memory management to implement. It also allows for effective management of non-memory resources such as operating system objects, which are often much scarcer than memory (tracing garbage collection systems ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fold (higher-order Function)
In functional programming, fold (also termed reduce, accumulate, aggregate, compress, or inject) refers to a family of higher-order functions that analyze a recursive data structure and through use of a given combining operation, recombine the results of recursively processing its constituent parts, building up a return value. Typically, a fold is presented with a combining function, a top node of a data structure, and possibly some default values to be used under certain conditions. The fold then proceeds to combine elements of the data structure's hierarchy, using the function in a systematic way. Folds are in a sense dual to unfolds, which take a ''seed'' value and apply a function corecursively to decide how to progressively construct a corecursive data structure, whereas a fold recursively breaks that structure down, replacing it with the results of applying a combining function at each node on its terminal values and the recursive results ( catamorphism, versus anamorp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filter (higher-order Function)
In functional programming, filter is a higher-order function that processes a data structure (usually a list (data structure), list) in some order to produce a new data structure containing exactly those elements of the original data structure for which a given predicate (computer programming), predicate returns the Boolean value true. Example In Haskell (programming language), Haskell, the code example filter even [1..10] evaluates to the list 2, 4, …, 10 by applying the predicate even to every element of the list of integers 1, 2, …, 10 in that order and creating a new list of those elements for which the predicate returns the Boolean value true, thereby giving a list containing only the even members of that list. Conversely, the code example filter (not . even) [1..10] evaluates to the list 1, 3, …, 9 by collecting those elements of the list of integers 1, 2, …, 10 for which the predicate even returns the Boolean value false (with . being the function composition ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Map (higher-order Function)
In many programming languages, map is a higher-order function that applies a given function to each element of a collection, e.g. a list or set, returning the results in a collection of the same type. It is often called ''apply-to-all'' when considered in functional form. The concept of a map is not limited to lists: it works for sequential containers, tree-like containers, or even abstract containers such as futures and promises. Examples: mapping a list Suppose there is list of integers , 2, 3, 4, 5/code> and would like to calculate the square of each integer. To do this, first define a function to square a single number (shown here in Haskell): square x = x * x Afterwards, call: >>> map square , 2, 3, 4, 5 which yields , 4, 9, 16, 25/code>, demonstrating that map has gone through the entire list and applied the function square to each element. Visual example Below, there is view of each step of the mapping process for a list of integers X = , 5, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anonymous Function
In computer programming, an anonymous function (function literal, expression or block) is a function definition that is not bound to an identifier. Anonymous functions are often arguments being passed to higher-order functions or used for constructing the result of a higher-order function that needs to return a function. If the function is only used once, or a limited number of times, an anonymous function may be syntactically lighter than using a named function. Anonymous functions are ubiquitous in functional programming languages and other languages with first-class functions, where they fulfil the same role for the function type as literals do for other data types. Anonymous functions originate in the work of Alonzo Church in his invention of the lambda calculus, in which all functions are anonymous, in 1936, before electronic computers. In several programming languages, anonymous functions are introduced using the keyword ''lambda'', and anonymous functions are often ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modula-3
Modula-3 is a programming language conceived as a successor to an upgraded version of Modula-2 known as Modula-2+. It has been influential in research circles (influencing the designs of languages such as Java, C#, Python and Nim), but it has not been adopted widely in industry. It was designed by Luca Cardelli, James Donahue, Lucille Glassman, Mick Jordan (before at the Olivetti Software Technology Laboratory), Bill Kalsow and Greg Nelson at the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) Systems Research Center (SRC) and the Olivetti Research Center (ORC) in the late 1980s. Modula-3's main features are modularity, simplicity and safety while preserving the power of a systems-programming language. Modula-3 aimed to continue the Pascal tradition of type safety, while introducing new constructs for practical real-world programming. In particular Modula-3 added support for generic programming (similar to templates), multithreading, exception handling, garbage collection, o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Module System
Modular programming is a software design technique that emphasizes separating the functionality of a program into independent, interchangeable modules, such that each contains everything necessary to execute only one aspect or "concern" of the desired functionality. A module interface expresses the elements that are provided and required by the module. The elements defined in the interface are detectable by other modules. The implementation contains the working code that corresponds to the elements declared in the interface. Modular programming is closely related to structured programming and object-oriented programming, all having the same goal of facilitating construction of large software programs and systems by decomposition into smaller pieces, and all originating around the 1960s. While the historical usage of these terms has been inconsistent, "modular programming" now refers to the high-level decomposition of the code of an entire program into pieces: structured programmin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Datatypes
In computer science and computer programming, a data type (or simply type) is a collection or grouping of data values, usually specified by a set of possible values, a set of allowed operations on these values, and/or a representation of these values as machine types. A data type specification in a program constrains the possible values that an expression, such as a variable or a function call, might take. On literal data, it tells the compiler or interpreter how the programmer intends to use the data. Most programming languages support basic data types of integer numbers (of varying sizes), floating-point numbers (which approximate real numbers), characters and Booleans. Concept A data type may be specified for many reasons: similarity, convenience, or to focus the attention. It is frequently a matter of good organization that aids the understanding of complex definitions. Almost all programming languages explicitly include the notion of data type, though the possible dat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inheritance (object-oriented Programming)
In object-oriented programming, inheritance is the mechanism of basing an Object (computer science), object or Class (computer programming), class upon another object (Prototype-based programming, prototype-based inheritance) or class (Class-based programming, class-based inheritance), retaining similar implementation. Also defined as deriving new classes (#Subclasses and superclasses, sub classes) from existing ones such as super class or Fragile base class, base class and then forming them into a hierarchy of classes. In most class-based object-oriented languages like C++, an object created through inheritance, a "child object", acquires all the properties and behaviors of the "parent object", with the exception of: Constructor (object-oriented programming), constructors, destructors, operator overloading, overloaded operators and friend functions of the base class. Inheritance allows programmers to create classes that are built upon existing classes, to specify a new implementat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2020
The year 2020 was heavily defined by the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to global Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, social and Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic disruption, mass cancellations and postponements of events, COVID-19 lockdowns, worldwide lockdowns, and the COVID-19 recession, largest economic recession since the Great Depression in the 1930s. 2020 is also notable for the murder of George Floyd by police that lead to Lists of George Floyd protests, worldwide protests and unrest. ''Geospatial World'' also called 2020 "the worst year in terms of climate change" in part due to major climate disasters worldwide, including major bushfires in 2019–20 Australian bushfire season, Australia and 2020 California wildfires, the western United States, as well as 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, extreme tropical cyclone activity affecting large parts of North America. A United Nations progress report published in December 2020 indicated that none of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
