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History Of African-American Education
The History of African-American education deals with the public and private schools at all levels used by African Americans in the United States and for the related policies and debates. Black schools, also referred to as "Negro schools" and "colored schools", were racially segregated schools in the United States that originated in the Reconstruction era after the American Civil War. They were created in Southern states under biracial Republican governments as free public schools for the formerly enslaved. All their students were blacks. After 1877, conservative whites took control across the South. They continued the black schools, but at a much lower funding rate than white schools. History Slavery White people denied education for African Americans during slavery. Reconstruction Era During the Reconstruction Era (1863–1876) hundreds of schools for blacks were created in the South by the government, by white religious groups, and by the blacks themselves. Legislatures o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colored School
Colored school is a term that has been historically used in the United States during the Jim Crow-era to refer to a segregated African American school or black school (which could be at any school type or level). It has also been used as a term used to describe historically black colleges and universities (HBCU). Establishments called colored schools include: * Abbeville Colored School in Abbeville, Mississippi; NRHP-listed * Alapaha Colored School in Alapaha, Georgia; NRHP–listed * Ashburn Colored School in Ashburn, Virginia * Avondale Colored School in Scottdale, Georgia; later known as Hamilton High School * Bellevue Avenue Colored School in Trenton, New Jersey; NRHP–listed * Buena Vista Colored School in Buena Vista, Virginia; NRHP–listed * Calhoun Colored School in Calhoun, Alabama * Coinjock Colored School in Coinjock, North Carolina; NRHP–listed * Colored School No. 3 in New York City * Hampton Colored School in Hampton, South Carolina * Homer College, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freedmen's Bureau
The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau, was a U.S. government agency of early post American Civil War Reconstruction, assisting freedmen (i.e., former enslaved people) in the South. It was established on March 3, 1865, and operated briefly as a federal agency after the War, from 1865 to November 1872, to direct provisions, clothing, and fuel for the immediate and temporary shelter and supply of destitute and suffering refugees and freedmen and their wives and children. Background and operations In 1863, the American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission was established. Two years later, as a result of the inquiry the Freedmen's Bureau Bill was passed, which established the Freedmen's Bureau as initiated by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. It was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War. The Bureau became a part of the United States Department of War, as Congress provided no funding for it. The W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berea College
Berea College is a private liberal arts work college in Berea, Kentucky. Founded in 1855, Berea College was the first college in the Southern United States to be coeducational and racially integrated. It was integrated from as early as 1866 until 1904, and again after 1954. The college participates in federal work-study and work college programs that cover the remaining tuition fees after subtracting the total sum a student received from Pell Grant, other grants, and scholarships. Berea's primary service region is southern Appalachia but students come from more than 40 states in the United States and 70 other countries. Approximately half of students identify as people of color. Berea offers bachelor's degrees in 33 majors. It incorporates a mandatory work-study program that requires students to engage in a minimum of 10 hours per week of work for the college. History Founded in 1855 by the abolitionist and Augusta College graduate John Gregg Fee (1816–1901), Berea C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trevon Logan
Trevon D'Marcus Logan is an American economist. He is the Hazel C. Youngberg Trustees Distinguished Professor in the Department of Economics and Associate Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Ohio State University, where he was awarded the 2014 Alumni Award for Distinguished Teaching. He is also a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. In 2014, he was the youngest-ever president of the National Economic Association. In 2019, he was the inaugural North Hall Economics Professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara. In 2020, he was named the inaugural director of the National Bureau of Economic Research Working Group on Race and Stratification in the Economy. His research mainly focuses on economic history, including studies of African American migration, economic analysis of illegal markets, the economics of marriage transfers, and measures of historical living standards, with an emphasis on racial disparities in the United States. Life ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Roy Lynch
John Roy Lynch (September 10, 1847 – November 2, 1939) was an American writer, attorney, military officer, author, and Republican politician who served as Speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives and represented Mississippi in the United States House of Representatives. Lynch was born into slavery in Louisiana and became free in 1863 under the Emancipation Proclamation. During Reconstruction, Lynch became a prominent political leader in Mississippi. In 1873, Lynch was elected as the first African-American Speaker of the Mississippi House of Representatives; he is considered the first Black man to hold this position in any state. He was among the first generation of African Americans from the South elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and served in the 44th, 45th, and 47th Congresses. In 1884, he was elected temporary chair of the Republican National Convention and delivered the convention's keynote address. After Democrats regained power in the Mis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Land Grant Colleges
A land-grant university (also called land-grant college or land-grant institution) is an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Land-Grant Acts, Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890, or a beneficiary under the Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994. There are List of land-grant universities, 106 institutions in all: 57 which fall under the 1862 act, 19 under the 1890 act, and 35 under the 1994 act. With Southerners absent during the American Civil War, Civil War, Republican Party (United States), Republicans in United States Congress, Congress set up a funding system that would allow states to modernize their weak higher educational systems. The Morrill Act of 1862 provided land in the western parts of North America that states sold to fund new or existing colleges and universities. The law specified the mission of these institutions: to focus on the teaching of practical agriculture, science, mili ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alcorn State University
Alcorn State University (Alcorn State, ASU or Alcorn) is a public historically black land-grant university adjacent to Lorman, Mississippi. It was founded in 1871 and was the first black land grant college established in the United States. The university is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund. Alcorn State's athletic teams are known as the Braves and compete in the NCAA's Division I. All teams compete as members of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC). History Alcorn State University was the first black land grant college in the country. Mississippi's Reconstructionist legislature, dominated by Republicans sympathetic to the cause of educating the formerly enslaved, established the college on the site of Oakland College, a college that had gone defunct due to the Civil War. Alcorn University started with what is recognized as three historic buildings. United States Senator Hiram R. Revels resigned his seat when he accepted the position as Al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carpetbagger
In the history of the United States, carpetbagger is a largely historical pejorative used by Southerners to describe allegedly opportunistic or disruptive Northerners who came to the Southern states after the American Civil War and were perceived to be exploiting the local populace for their own financial, political, or social gain. The term broadly included both individuals who sought to promote Republican politics (including the right of African Americans to vote and hold office) and individuals who saw business and political opportunities because of the chaotic state of the local economies following the war. In practice, the term carpetbagger often was applied to any Northerners who were present in the South during the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877). The word is closely associated with scalawag, a similarly pejorative word used to describe native white Southerners who supported the Republican Party-led Reconstruction. White Southerners commonly denounced carpetbagger ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George Ruby
George Thompson Ruby (July 1, 1841 – October 31, 1882) was an African-American Republican politician in Reconstruction-era Texas. Born in New York to African-American businessman Reuben Ruby and Rachel Humphey and raised in Portland, Maine, he worked in Boston and Haiti before starting teaching in New Orleans before the end of the American Civil War. Moving to Galveston, Texas, in 1866, where he worked as an agent for the Freedmen's Bureau, Ruby also organized for the Republican Party. He served as one of ten African-Americans elected to the 1868-1869 state constitutional convention,"The 1860s: George T. Ruby" ''Forever Freedom'' exhibit, Texas State Library and Archives, 2017 in the |
Jim Crow
The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation, " Jim Crow" being a pejorative term for an African American. The last of the Jim Crow laws were generally overturned in 1965. Formal and informal racial segregation policies were present in other areas of the United States as well, even as several states outside the South had banned discrimination in public accommodations and voting. Southern laws were enacted by white-dominated state legislatures ( Redeemers) to disenfranchise and remove political and economic gains made by African Americans during the Reconstruction era. Such continuing racial segregation was also supported by the successful Lily-white movement. In practice, Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America and in some others, beginning in the 1870s. Jim Crow laws were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Disenfranchisement After The Reconstruction Era
Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era in the United States, especially in the Southern United States, was based on a series of laws, new constitutions, and practices in the South that were deliberately used to prevent black citizens from registering to vote and voting. These measures were enacted by the former Confederate states at the turn of the 20th century. Efforts were also made in Maryland, Kentucky, and Oklahoma. Their actions were designed to thwart the objective of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1870, which prohibited states from depriving voters of their voting rights based on race. The laws were frequently written in ways to be ostensibly non-racial on paper (and thus not violate the Fifteenth Amendment), but were implemented in ways that selectively suppressed black voters apart from other voters. In the 1870s, white racists had used violence by domestic terrorism groups (such as the Ku Klux Klan), as well as fraud, to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Journal Of Education
''The American Journal of Education'' seeks to bridge and integrate the intellectual, methodological, and substantive diversity of educational scholarship and to encourage a vigorous dialogue between educational scholars and policy makers. It publishes empirical research, from a wide range of traditions, that contribute to the development of knowledge across the broad field of education Education is the transmission of knowledge and skills and the development of character traits. Formal education occurs within a structured institutional framework, such as public schools, following a curriculum. Non-formal education als .... External links * Education journals University of Chicago Press academic journals Quarterly journals English-language journals Academic journals established in 1893 {{edu-journal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
