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Hatay Dispute
The Hatay dispute emerged when Turkey annexed Hatay Province from the newly independent Syria in 1939. The Hatay dispute remains a controversial problem between Syria and Turkey from time to time. History During the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. After the Armistice of Mudros, the Sanjak of Alexandretta (modern day Hatay) was occupied by France. Thus, the Turkish National Movement formed a front in Hatay. On October 20, 1921, according to Article 7 of the Treaty of Ankara, Hatay would remain within the borders of Syria; although with the Turkish language and lira being official. Maps as old as 1764 had shown that Hatay was traditionally Syrian. In 1936, out of the 220,000 people in Hatay, 46% were Arabs, 39% were Turks, 11% were Armenians, and the remaining 4% was made up of Circassians, Jews, and Kurds. In the Treaty of Lausanne, Hatay was also included as a part of Syria. Also in the Treaty of Lausanne, the Hatay dispute was not specifically mentioned, although France had wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; and the Aegean Sea, Greece, and Bulgaria to the west. Turkey is home to over 85 million people; most are ethnic Turkish people, Turks, while ethnic Kurds in Turkey, Kurds are the Minorities in Turkey, largest ethnic minority. Officially Secularism in Turkey, a secular state, Turkey has Islam in Turkey, a Muslim-majority population. Ankara is Turkey's capital and second-largest city. Istanbul is its largest city and economic center. Other major cities include İzmir, Bursa, and Antalya. First inhabited by modern humans during the Late Paleolithic, present-day Turkey was home to List of ancient peoples of Anatolia, various ancient peoples. The Hattians ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand National Assembly Of Turkey
The Grand National Assembly of Turkey ( ), usually referred to simply as the GNAT or TBMM, also referred to as , in Turkish, is the Unicameralism, unicameral Turkey, Turkish legislature. It is the sole body given the legislative prerogatives by the Constitution of Turkey, Turkish Constitution. It was founded in Ankara on 23 April 1920 amid the Turkish War of Independence, National Campaign. This constitution had founded its pre-government known as 1st cabinet of the Executive Ministers of Turkey, 1st Executive Ministers of Turkey (Commitment Deputy Committee) in May 1920. The parliament was fundamental in the efforts of ''Mareşal (Turkey), Mareşal'' Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, 1st President of the Republic of Turkey, and his colleagues to found a new government out of the remnants of the Ottoman Empire. Composition There are 600 members of parliament (deputies) who are elected for a five-year term by the D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system, from 87 el ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian Secret Army For The Liberation Of Armenia
Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) was a militant organization active between 1975 and the 1990s whose stated goal was "to compel the Government of Turkey, Turkish Government to acknowledge publicly its responsibility for the Armenian genocide in 1915, Armenian genocide reparations, pay reparations, and Western Armenia, cede territory for an Armenian homeland." ASALA itself and other sources described it as a guerilla and armed organization. Some sources, including the United States Department of State,United States Department of StatePatterns of Global Terrorism Report: 1989, p 57 as well as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan listed it as a terrorist organization. The principal goal of ASALA was to establish a United Armenia that would include the formerly Armenians, Armenian-inhabited six vilayets of the Ottoman Empire (Western Armenia) and Soviet Armenia.Terrorist Group Profiles. DIANE Publishing, 198 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Altınözü
Altınözü (, ''el-Kusayr'') is a municipality and district of Hatay Province, Turkey. Its area is 392 km2, and its population is 60,344 (2022). It is in the south-east of Hatay Province, on the border between Turkey and Syria. The mayor is Rıfat Sarı ( AKP). History The region which was known as al-Quṣayr, was part of the Principality of Antioch during the Crusader era. In 1180, patriarch Aimery of Limoges fled to the region, after he had excommunicated Bohemond III in Antioch. The latter besieged the region, but nobleman Rainald II Masoir supported the patriarch, until King Baldwin IV sent a delegation to settle the dispute. Altınözü was heavily damaged by powerful earthquakes in February 2023 and subsequent aftershocks. Geography Altınözü stands on the fertile Kuseyr plateau, and several crops such as olives (the largest olive growing area is in this part of Turkey), tobacco, grains and other crops are grown here. The district gets its water from the Yarseli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mandate For Syria And The Lebanon
The Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon (; , also referred to as the Levant States; 1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded in the aftermath of the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, concerning the territories of Syria (region), Syria and Lebanon. The mandate system was supposed to differ from colonialism, with the governing country intended to act as a trustee until the inhabitants were considered eligible for self-government. At that point, the mandate would terminate and a sovereign state would be born. During the two years that followed the end of the war in 1918—and in accordance with the Sykes–Picot Agreement signed by the United Kingdom and France during the war—the British held control of most of Ottoman Iraq (now Iraq) and the southern part of Ottoman Syria (now Israel, Palestine (region), Palestine and Transjordan (region), Transjordan), while the French controlled the rest of Ottoman Syria (including History of Lebanon under Ott ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zaki Al-Arsuzi
Zaki al-Arsuzi (; June 18992 July 1968) was a Syrian philosopher, philologist, sociologist, historian, and Arab nationalist. His ideas played a significant role in the development of Ba'athism and its political movement. He published several books during his lifetime, most notably ''The Genius of Arabic in its Tongue'' (1943). Born into a middle-class Alawite family in Latakia, Syria, al-Arsuzi studied at the Sorbonne, where he became interested in nationalism. In 1930, he returned to Syria, where he became a member of the League of National Action (LNA) in 1933. In 1938, he moved to Damascus because of his disillusionment with party work, and in 1939, he left the LNA. In Damascus al-Arsuzi established and headed a group consisting of mostly secondary school pupils who would often discuss European history, nationalism and philosophy. Shortly after leaving the LNA, al-Arsuzi established the Arab National Party, an Arab nationalist party with a "defined creed". It was not a s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minority Rights Group
Minority Rights Group (MRG) is an international human rights organisation, headquartered in London, with offices in Budapest and Kampala. The organisation's mission statement is to secure rights for ethnic, national, religious, linguistic minorities, and indigenous peoples around the world. MRG has an international Governing Council that meets twice a year. MRG has consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and observer status with the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. The organisation was set up in 1969 by a group of activists and academics in order "to protect the rights of minorities to co-exist with majorities, by objective study and consistent international public exposure of violations of fundamental rights as defined by the UN Charter".Founding statement of aims, Minority Rights Group Its first director was David Astor, editor and proprietor of ''The Observer'' newspaper at the time. See also *Genocide * Global Hum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hatay State
Hatay State (; ; ), also known informally as the Republic of Hatay (), was a transitional nation that existed from 2 September 1938 to 29 June 1939, being located in the territory of the Sanjak of Alexandretta of the French Mandate of Syria. The state was transformed ''de facto'' into the Hatay Province of Turkey on 7 July 1939, ''de jure '' joining the country on 23 July 1939. History Background Formerly part of the Aleppo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire, the Sanjak of Alexandretta was occupied by France at the end of the First World War and constituted part of the French Mandate of Syria. The Sanjak of Alexandretta was an autonomous ''sanjak'' from 1921 to 1923, as a result of the Franco-Turkish Treaty of Ankara (1921), Treaty of Ankara, as it had a large Turkish community as well as its Arab and Armenian population. Then it was attached to the State of Aleppo, then in 1925 it was directly attached to the State of Syria, still with a special administrative status. Mareşal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabs
Arabs (, , ; , , ) are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa. A significant Arab diaspora is present in various parts of the world. Arabs have been in the Fertile Crescent for thousands of years. In the 9th century BCE, the Assyrians made written references to Arabs as inhabitants of the Levant, Mesopotamia, and Arabia. Throughout the Ancient Near East, Arabs established influential civilizations starting from 3000 BCE onwards, such as Dilmun, Gerrha, and Magan, playing a vital role in trade between Mesopotamia, and the Mediterranean. Other prominent tribes include Midian, ʿĀd, and Thamud mentioned in the Bible and Quran. Later, in 900 BCE, the Qedarites enjoyed close relations with the nearby Canaanite and Aramaean states, and their territory extended from Lower Egypt to the Southern Levant. From 1200 BCE to 110 BCE, powerful kingdoms emerged such as Saba, Lihyan, Minaean, Qataban, Hadhramaut, Awsan, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabs In Turkey
Arabs in Turkey (; ) are about 1.5 million or 5 million (including the Syrian refugees) citizens or residents of Turkey who are ethnically of Arab descent. They are the third-largest minority in the country after the Kurds and the Circassians. and are concentrated in a few provinces in Southeastern Anatolia. In addition to this native group, millions of Arab Syrian refugees have sought refuge in Turkey since the beginning of the Syrian civil war in 2011. Background Besides the large communities of both foreign and Turkish Arabs in Istanbul and other large cities, most live in the south and southeast.Die Bevölkerungsgruppen in Istanbul (türkisch) Turkish Arabs are mostly |
Alawites
Alawites () are an Arab ethnoreligious group who live primarily in the Levant region in West Asia and follow Alawism, a sect of Islam that splintered from early Shia as a ''ghulat'' branch during the ninth century. Alawites venerate Ali ibn Abi Talib, the " first Imam" in the Twelver school, as a manifestation of the divine essence. It is the only ''ghulat'' sect still in existence today. The group was founded during the ninth century by Ibn Nusayr, who was a disciple of the tenth Twelver Imam, Ali al-Hadi, and of the eleventh Twelver Imam, Hasan al-Askari. For this reason, Alawites are also called ''Nusayris''. Surveys suggest Alawites represent an important portion of the Syrian population and are a significant minority in the Hatay Province of Turkey and northern Lebanon. There is also a population living in the village of Ghajar in the Golan Heights, where there had been two other Alawite villages ( Ayn Fit and Za'ura) before the Six-Day War. The Alawites for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sun Language Theory
The Sun Language Theory () was a Turkish pseudolinguistic, pseudoscientific quasi-hypothesis developed in Turkey in the 1930s that proposed that all human languages are descendants of one proto-Turkic primal language. The theory's promotion of Turks as a progenitor race led to it finding favour among Turkish ultranationalists, who used it to justify their nationalist ideology. It claims that primal language had close phonemic resemblances to Turkish and, because of this, all other languages can be traced back to Turkic roots. According to the theory, this primal language originated among Central Asian worshippers who created it as a means to salute the omnipotence of the sun and its life-giving qualities, hence the name. Origins Influences on the theory included: * the ideas of the French historian Hilaire de Barenton, expressed in "''L'Origine des Langues, des Religions et des Peuples''" ("The Origin of Languages, Religions and Peoples"), that all languages originated fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
