|
Halictinae
Within the insect order Hymenoptera, the Halictinae are the largest, most diverse, and most recently diverged of the four halictid subfamilies. They comprise over 2400 bee species belonging to the five taxonomic tribes Augochlorini, Thrinchostomini, Caenohalictini, Sphecodini, and Halictini, which some entomologists alternatively organize into the two tribes Augochlorini and Halictini. The subfamily Halictinae also belongs to the hymenopteran monophyletic clade Aculeata, whose members are characterized by the possession of a modified ovipositor in the form of a venomous sting for predator and prey defense. Including all eusocial and cleptoparasitic Halictidae taxa, these small bees are pollen feeders who mass provision their young and exhibit a broad spectrum of behavioral social polymorphies, ranging from solitary nesting to obligate eusociality. Estimated from the fossil record, eusociality in this subfamily evolved about 20 to 22 million years ago, which is relatively r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Halictidae
Halictidae is the second-largest family of bees (clade Anthophila) with nearly 4,500 species. They are commonly called sweat bees (especially the smaller species), as they are often attracted to perspiration. Halictid species are an extremely diverse group that can vary greatly in appearance. These bees occur all over the world and are found on every continent except Antarctica. Usually dark-colored (frequently brown or black) and often metallic, halictids are found in various sizes, colors and patterns. Several species are all or partly green and a few are red, purple, or blue. A number of them have yellow markings, especially the males, which commonly have yellow faces, a pattern widespread among the various families of bees. The family is one of many with short tongues and is best distinguished by the arcuate (strongly curved) basal vein found on the wing. Females in this family tend to be larger than the males. They are the group for which the term 'eusocial' was first coined b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Megalopta
''Megalopta'' is a widespread neotropical genus of bees in the tribe Augochlorini in family Halictidae, known as the sweat bees. They are the largest of the five nocturnal genera in Augochlorini. Most have pale integumentary pigmentation, and all have large ocelli, most likely a feature of their nocturnal behavior. They live in tropical Central America and the entirety of South America. The subgenus ''Noctoraptor'' is cleptoparasitic. They are not known from the fossil record. ''Megalopta'' was first described by Frederick Smith in 1853. The type species is ''Megalopta idalia,'' now known as '' Megalopta amoena''. Most studies done on ''Megalopta'' are focused on ''M. genalis''. General description ''Megalopta'' are up to 2 cm long. They have large ocelli and compound eyes, used for nocturnal foraging. They have a yellow/brown abdomen with dark brown banding and metallic green/yellow to bronze thorax and head. Nocturnal behavior and vision All species of ''Megalopta'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Neotropical Realm
The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropics, tropical Ecoregion#Terrestrial, terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate climate, temperate zone. Definition In biogeography, the Neotropic or Neotropical realm is one of the eight terrestrial realms. This realm includes South America, Central America, the Caribbean Islands, and southern North America. In Mexico, the Yucatán Peninsula and southern lowlands, and most of the east and west coastlines, including the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula are Neotropical. In the United States southern Florida and coastal Central Florida are considered Neotropical. The realm also includes temperate southern South America. In contrast, the Neotropical Phytochorion, Floristic Kingdom excludes southernmost South America, which instead is placed in the Antarctic Floristic Kingdom, Antarctic kingdom. The Neo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Augochlorini
Augochlorini is a tribe of sweat bees in the subfamily Halictinae. They are found in the Nearctic and Neotropic realms. They typically display metallic coloration, with many species that are red, gold, green, blue, or purple. Genera * '' Andinaugochlora'' Eickwort, 1969 * '' Ariphanarthra'' Moure, 1951 * '' Augochlora'' Smith, 1853 * '' Augochlorella'' Sandhouse, 1937 * '' Augochlorodes'' Moure, 1958 * '' Augochloropsis'' Cockerell, 1897 * '' Caenaugochlora'' Michener, 1954 * '' Ceratalictus'' Moure, 1943 * '' Chlerogas'' Vachal, 1904 * '' Chlerogella'' Michener, 1954 * '' Chlerogelloides'' Engel, Brooks & Yanega, 1997 * '' Corynura'' Spinola, 1851 * '' Corynurella'' Eickwort, 1969 * '' Halictillus'' Moure, 1947 * '' Ischnomelissa'' Engel, 1997 * '' Megalopta'' Smith, 1853 * '' Megaloptidia'' Cockerell, 1900 * '' Megaloptilla'' Moure & Hurd, 1987 * '' Megommation'' Moure, 1943 * '' Micrommation'' Moure, 1969 * '' Neocorynura'' Schrottky, 1910 * '' Paracorynurella'' Gonçalve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Halictini
Halictini is a tribe of sweat bees in the sub-family Halictinae. Genera The following are included by ''BioLib.cz'': * '' Agapostemon'' Guérin-Ménéville, 1844 * '' Agapostemonoides'' Roberts & Brooks, 1987 * '' Caenohalictus'' Cameron, 1903 * '' Dinagapostemon'' Moure & Hurd, 1982 * '' Echthralictus'' Perkins & Cheesman, 1928 * '' Eupetersia'' Blüthgen, 1928 * '' Glossodialictus'' Pauly, 1984 * '' Habralictus'' Moure, 1941 * '' Halictus'' Latreille, 1804 * '' Homalictus'' Cockerell, 1919 * ''Lasioglossum The sweat bee genus ''Lasioglossum'' is the largest of all bee genera, containing over 1800 species in numerous subgenera worldwide.Gibbs, J., et al. (2012)Phylogeny of halictine bees supports a shared origin of eusociality for ''Halictus'' an ...'' Curtis, 1833 * '' Mexalictus'' Eickwort, 1978 * '' Microsphecodes'' Eickwort & Stage, 1972 * '' Nesosphecodes'' Engel, 2006 * '' Paragapostemon'' Vachal, 1903 * '' Parathrincostoma'' Blüthgen, 1933 * '' Patellapis'' Fries ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Temnosoma
''Temnosoma'' is a genus of bees belonging to the family Halictidae Halictidae is the second-largest family of bees (clade Anthophila) with nearly 4,500 species. They are commonly called sweat bees (especially the smaller species), as they are often attracted to perspiration. Halictid species are an extremely div .... The species of this genus are found in Central and South America. Species: *'' Temnosoma aeruginosum'' *'' Temnosoma fulvipes'' *'' Temnosoma laevigatum'' *'' Temnosoma malachisis'' *'' Temnosoma metallicum'' *'' Temnosoma smaragdinum'' *'' Temnosoma sphaerocephalum'' References {{Taxonbar, from=Q14468648 Halictidae Bee genera Taxa named by Frederick Smith (entomologist) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Facultative
Facultative means "optional" or "discretionary" (antonym ''obligate''), used mainly in biology in phrases such as: * Facultative (FAC), facultative wetland (FACW), or facultative upland (FACU): wetland indicator statuses for plants * Facultative anaerobe, an organism that can use oxygen but also has anaerobic methods of energy production. It can survive in either environment * Facultative biotroph, an organism, often a fungus, that can live as a saprotroph but also form mutualisms with other organisms at different times of its life cycle. * Facultative biped, an animal that is capable of walking or running on two legs as well as walking or running on four limbs or more, as appropriate * Facultative carnivore, a carnivore that does not depend solely on animal flesh for food but also can subsist on non-animal food. Compare this with the term omnivore * Facultative heterochromatin, tightly packed but non-repetitive DNA in the form of Heterochromatin, but which can lose its conde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. The region includes Middle America (Americas), Middle America (comprising the Caribbean, Central America, and Mexico) and Northern America. North America covers an area of about , representing approximately 16.5% of Earth's land area and 4.8% of its total surface area. It is the third-largest continent by size after Asia and Africa, and the list of continents and continental subregions by population, fourth-largest continent by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. , North America's population was estimated as over 592 million people in list of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America, 23 independent states, or about 7.5% of the world's popula ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Social
Social organisms, including human(s), live collectively in interacting populations. This interaction is considered social whether they are aware of it or not, and whether the exchange is voluntary or not. Etymology The word "social" derives from the Latin word ''socii'' ("allies"). It is particularly derived from the Italian '' Socii'' states, historical allies of the Roman Republic (although they rebelled against Rome in the Social War of 91–87 BC). Social theorists In the view of Karl Marx,Morrison, Ken. ''Marx, Durkheim, Weber. Formations of modern social thought'' human beings are intrinsically, necessarily and by definition social beings who, beyond being "gregarious creatures", cannot survive and meet their needs other than through social co-operation and association. Their social characteristics are therefore to a large extent an objectively given fact, stamped on them from birth and affirmed by socialization processes; and, according to Marx, in producing and reproduc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
New World
The term "New World" is used to describe the majority of lands of Earth's Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas, and sometimes Oceania."America." ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (). McArthur, Tom, ed., 1992. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 33: "[16c: from the feminine of ''Americus'', the Latinized first name of the explorer Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512). The name ''America'' first appeared on a map in 1507 by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller, referring to the area now called Brazil]. Since the 16th century, the term "New World" has been used to describe the Western Hemisphere, often referred to as the Americas. Since the 18th century, it has come to represent the United States, which was initially colonial British America until it established independence following the American Revolutionary War. The second sense is now primary in English: ... However, the term is open to uncertainties: ..." The term arose in the early 16th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Augochloropsis Metallica Male
''Augochloropsis'' is a genus of brilliant metallic, often blue-green, sweat bees in the family Halictidae. There are at least 140 described species in ''Augochloropsis''. Description and identification Species of the genus ''Augochloropsis'' are generally between 8 and 12 mm long and metallic, typically bright green or blue in color, with some exceptions such as gold, red, or purple.Mitchell, T. B. (1960). Bees of the eastern United States. ''Augochloropsis'' species can be differentiated from other Augochlorini at the genus level by the tegulae that are punctate, D-shaped, and bent inwards. Geographic distribution The genus ''Augochloropsis'' is restricted to the New World, and the vast majority of species are found in the tropical and subtropical regions.Choe, J. C., & Crespi, B. J. (Eds.). (1997). ''The evolution of social behaviour in insects and arachnids''. Cambridge University Press. Three ''Augochloropsis'' species are found in the temperate regions of North ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Evolution Of Eusociality
Eusociality evolved repeatedly in different orders of animals, notably termites and the Hymenoptera (the wasps, bees, and ants). This 'true sociality' in animals, in which sterile individuals work to further the reproductive success of others, is found in termites, ambrosia beetles, gall-dwelling aphids, thrips, marine sponge-dwelling shrimp (''Synalpheus regalis''), naked mole-rats (''Heterocephalus glaber''), and many genera in the insect order Hymenoptera. The fact that eusociality has evolved so often in the Hymenoptera (between 8 and 11 times), but remains rare throughout the rest of the animal kingdom, has made its evolution a topic of debate among evolutionary biologists. Eusocial organisms at first appear to behave in stark contrast with simple interpretations of Darwinian evolution: passing on one's genes to the next generation, or fitness, is a central idea in evolutionary biology. Current theories propose that the evolution of eusociality occurred either due to kin s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
