|
Group Of 190
The Group of 190 was a coalition emerged during the discussion of the drafting of the Hong Kong Basic Law and constitutional reform in the transition period of Hong Kong in the 1980s. The coalition was formed in response to the Group of 89 which advocated a more conservative approach to the constitutional reform. It was later transformed into today's pro-democracy camp in the 1990s. The group is considered as broadly liberal and wished to ensure stability and prosperity and high degree of autonomy by making greater changes to the political system, including the extension of full "one person one vote" democracy. However, it was a small group compared to the Group of 89 without resources that the business elites commanded. Having few members in the Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee (BLCC) and Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee (BLDC), the Group put forward the "Liberal model" of the political system for the future government in 1997. The Group's compromise of its demand ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hong Kong Basic Law
The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China is a national law of China that serves as the organic law for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). With nine chapters, 160 articles and three annexes, the Basic Law was composed to implement Annex I of the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. The Basic Law was enacted under the Constitution of China when it was adopted by the National People's Congress on 4 April 1990 and came into effect on 1 July 1997 after the handover of Hong Kong. It replaced Hong Kong's colonial constitution of the Letters Patent and the Royal Instructions. Drafted on the basis of the Joint Declaration, the Basic Law lays out the basic policies of China on Hong Kong, including the " one country, two systems" principle, such that the socialist governance and economic system then practised in mainland China would not be extended to Hong Kong. Instead, Hong Kong would continue its capitalis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1988 Hong Kong Local Elections
The 1988 Hong Kong District Board elections were the third district board elections held on 10 March 1988. Election was held to all 19 districts of Hong Kong (in which Yau Tsim District and Mong Kok District later merged into today's Yau Tsim Mong District), for 264 members from directly elected constituencies while there were 141 appointed seats and respectively 30 and 27 ex officio members representing the Urban Council and rural committees in New Territories. Overview The election oversaw the increasing influence of the political groups in the local elections. The three major emerging pro-democratic groups, which later evolved into today's pro-democracy camp, the Meeting Point, Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood and Hong Kong Affairs Society were the strategic allies against the conservative kaifong leaders in the election. The older political organisation, the Hong Kong Civic Association cooperated with Maria Tam's Progressive Hong Kong Society, while the Pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joint Committee On The Promotion Of Democratic Government
The Joint Committee on the Promotion of Democratic Government (, abbreviated 民促會; JGPDG) was an umbrella organisation representing various groups of the pro-democracy movement in Hong Kong. It was established on 27 October 1986 by 190 groups and led by the prominent pro-democracy figures Szeto Wah and Martin Lee, two members in the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee (BLDC), pushing for a faster pace of democratisation in the drafting of the Basic Law of Hong Kong. For the transition period up to 1997, the committee demanded direct election in the 1988 Legislative Council, a "through train" arrangement for letting Legislative Council members elected in 1995 automatically becoming the members of the first legislature in the SAR government after 1997. They also demanded the Chief Executive to be elected by universal suffrage. The committee formed the backbone of today's pro-democracy camp as many of its key members formed the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Democratic Development In Hong Kong
The Hong Kong democracy movement is a series of political and electoral reform movements primarily led by the pro-democracy camp since the 1980s, with the goal of achieving genuine universal suffrage. This means allowing Hong Kong citizens to elect the Chief Executive and all Legislative Council (LegCo) members through "one person, one vote" without "unreasonable restrictions," including the abolition of functional constituencies. Hong Kong's path toward democracy has been marked by incremental progress and repeated setbacks. Before the 1980s, the city had no democratic elections under British rule. Limited political reforms began in the 1980s, with the introduction of indirect elections to the LegCo in 1985 and the first direct elections for some seats in 1991. However, Beijing resisted further democratisation, fearing it could undermine its control after Hong Kong's 1997 handover to China. Upon the handover, "one country, two systems" framework was meant to guarantee Hon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Functional Constituency
A functional constituency is an electoral device (a non-geographical constituency) used within the political systems of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China: * Functional constituency in Hong Kong * Indirectly elected member in Macau The 1948 election to the Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China used a mixed electoral system, including some members elected by occupational groups, as specified by the 1947 constitution. Soon after, the Communist Revolution impelled the governing Kuomintang to suspend the constitution and retreat to Taiwan. The 1991 reforms which reintroduced democracy to Taiwan removed occupational constituencies from the Legislative Yuan. See also * Vocational panel A vocational panel () is any of five lists of candidates from which are elected a total of 43 of the 60 senators in Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the Oireachtas (parliament) of Ireland. Each panel corresponds to a grouping of "interests and ... in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legal (constituency)
The Legal functional constituency () is a functional constituency (Hong Kong), functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. It was one of the 12 original functional constituency seats created for the 1985 Hong Kong legislative election, first ever Legislative Council election in 1985. As of 2021, there were 7,549 registered voters, including the members of the Law Society of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Bar Association, and the officers in the government's judicial departments. It is one of the few strongholds of the pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong), pro-democracy camp in functional constituencies, having been held by pro-democrats since 1995, was held by Civic Party's Dennis Kwok until he was disqualified from his office in 2020. Following electoral overhaul, the seat was controlled by the Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong), Pro-Beijing camp for the first time. Composition The Legal functional constituency is composed of— * members of The Law Soci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1988 Hong Kong Legislative Election
The 1988 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was an indirect election for members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo); was held on 22 September 1988. It was the second ever election of the Legislative Council in Hong Kong history based on the 1987 Review of Developments in Representative Government, as the Government's democratisation process according to the agreement of the Sino-British Joint Declaration. There were 12 members elected by Electoral Colleges, 14 members from functional constituencies. A total of 9,276 out of almost 17,000 registered votes turned out to return 13 candidates in 8 electoral college and 4 functional constituency seats while another 13 seats were returned unopposed. The liberal lobby suffered a major setback in the election as three of their outspoken leaders were defeated. Background In May 1987, the government published the Green Paper, 1987 Review of Developments in Representative Government, to consider the next phase of the deve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Martin Lee
Martin Lee Chu-ming (; born 8 June 1938) is a Hong Kong politician and barrister. He is the founding chairman of the United Democrats of Hong Kong and its successor, the Democratic Party (Hong Kong), Democratic Party, Hong Kong's flagship Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong), pro-democracy party. He was also a member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1985 to 1997 and from 1998 to 2008. Nicknamed the "Father of Democracy" in Hong Kong, he is recognised as one of the most prominent advocates for democracy and human rights in Hong Kong and Human rights in China, China. A barrister by profession, Lee served as the chairman of the Hong Kong Bar Association from 1980 to 1983. In 1985 he was elected to the Legislative Council, where he advocated strongly for the protection of human rights and democratic reform. He became involved in discussions over Hong Kong's handover to China, and in 1985 he joined the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee to assist in the drafting of Hong ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Group Of 89
The Group of 89 or Business and Professional Group of the Basic Law Consultative Committee was a conservative political pressure group formed by the conservative business and professional elites led by tycoon Vincent Lo in the Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee (BLCC) and Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee (BLDC) during the drafting period of the Hong Kong Basic Law in the late 1980s. Compared to the Group of 190 set up by the pro-democracy groups, it was on the conservative side of debates over the constitutional reform, the Hong Kong Basic Law and the future of Hong Kong. History It was sometimes confused with the Business and Professional Group of the Basic Law Consultative Committee which was founded in April 1986. It countered the Group of 190 which made up of more liberal-minded community representatives, social workers and professional in the BLCC. It disagreed with the relatively radical demands of the Group of 190 and accepted limited changes would ensur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Szeto Wah
Szeto Wah (; 28 February 1931 – 2 January 2011) was a Hong Kong democracy activist and politician. He was the founding chairman of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China, the Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union and former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1985 to 1997 and from 1997 to 2004. Being one of the two icons of the democratic development in Hong Kong, Hong Kong democracy movement alongside Martin Lee, Szeto played an instrumental role in the emergence of the pro-democracy camp. Entering politics as a trade unionist for teachers, Szeto founded the influential Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union and was first elected to the colonial legislature through the newly created Education (constituency), Teaching functional constituency (Hong Kong), functional constituency in 1985. He and Martin Lee became the two pro-democrats appointed to the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee by the Beijing government in 1985 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tiananmen Protests Of 1989
The Tiananmen Square protests, known within China as the June Fourth Incident, were student-led demonstrations held in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, lasting from 15 April to 4 June 1989. After weeks of unsuccessful attempts between the demonstrators and the Chinese government to find a peaceful resolution, the Chinese government deployed troops to occupy the square on the night of 3 June in what is referred to as the Tiananmen Square massacre. The events are sometimes called the '89 Democracy Movement, the Tiananmen Square Incident, or the Tiananmen uprising. The protests were precipitated by the death of pro-reform Chinese Communist Party (CCP) general secretary Hu Yaobang in April 1989 amid the backdrop of rapid economic development and social change in post-Mao China, reflecting anxieties among the people and political elite about the country's future. The reforms of the 1980s had led to a nascent market economy that benefited some people but seriously disadvant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
