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Glutamate Receptor-interacting Protein (GRIP)
Glutamate receptor-interacting protein (GRIP) refers to either a family of proteins that bind to the glutamate receptor or specifically to the GRIP1 (gene), GRIP1 protein within this family. Proteins in the glutamate receptor-interacting protein (GRIP) family have been shown to interact with GRIA2, GluR2, a common subunit in the AMPA receptor. This subunit also interacts with other proteins such as protein interacting with C-kinase1 (PICK1) and N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein, NSF). Studies have begun to elucidate its function; however, much is still to be learned about these proteins. Discovery and history of GRIP 1 The discovery of the Glutamate Receptor Interacting Protein (GRIP-1) came as a result of the observation that Glutamate Receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, cluster at synapses. Shortly after this observation, researchers identified a region on the C-terminal region of NMDA receptors called the tSXV motif that has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glutamate Receptor
Glutamate receptors are synaptic and non synaptic receptors located primarily on the membranes of neuronal and glial cells. Glutamate (the conjugate base of glutamic acid) is abundant in the human body, but particularly in the nervous system and especially prominent in the human brain where it is the body's most prominent neurotransmitter, the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter, and also the precursor for GABA, the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter. Glutamate receptors are responsible for the glutamate-mediated postsynaptic excitation of neural cells, and are important for neural communication, memory formation, learning, and regulation. Glutamate receptors are implicated in a number of neurological conditions. Their central role in excitotoxicity and prevalence in the central nervous system has been linked or speculated to be linked to many neurodegenerative diseases, and several other conditions have been further linked to glutamate receptor gene muta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RNA Splicing
RNA splicing is a process in molecular biology where a newly-made precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcription (biology), transcript is transformed into a mature messenger RNA (Messenger RNA, mRNA). It works by removing all the introns (non-coding regions of RNA) and ''splicing'' back together exons (coding regions). For nuclear genes, nuclear-encoded genes, splicing occurs in the cell nucleus, nucleus either during or immediately after Transcription (biology), transcription. For those eukaryotic transcription, eukaryotic genes that contain introns, splicing is usually needed to create an mRNA molecule that can be translation (biology), translated into protein. For many eukaryotic introns, splicing occurs in a series of reactions which are catalyzed by the spliceosome, a complex of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). There exist self-splicing introns, that is, ribozymes that can catalyze their own excision from their parent RNA molecule. The process of transcription, spli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blister
A blister is a small pocket of body fluid (lymph, serum, plasma, blood, or pus) within the upper layers of the skin, usually caused by forceful rubbing (friction), burning, freezing, chemical exposure or infection. Most blisters are filled with a clear fluid, either serum or plasma. However, blisters can be filled with blood (known as "blood blisters") or with pus (for instance, if they become infected). Smaller blisters are called ''blebs''. The word "blister" entered English in the 14th century. It came from the Middle Dutch and was a modification of the Old French , which meant a leprous nodule—a rise in the skin due to leprosy. In dermatology, the words cutaneous condition#Vesicle, ''vesicle'' and ''bulla'' refer to blisters of smaller or greater size, respectively. Some sources recommend not to pop a blister. If popped, bacteria can enter. Excess skin should not necessarily be removed as the top layer protects the soft tissue underneath. However, some sources a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Knockout Mouse
A knockout mouse, or knock-out mouse, is a genetically modified mouse (''Mus musculus'') in which researchers have inactivated, or " knocked out", an existing gene by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA. They are important animal models for studying the role of genes which have been sequenced but whose functions have not been determined. By causing a specific gene to be inactive in the mouse, and observing any differences from normal behaviour or physiology, researchers can infer its probable function. Mice are currently the laboratory animal species most closely related to humans for which the knockout technique can easily be applied. They are widely used in knockout experiments, especially those investigating genetic questions that relate to human physiology. Gene knockout in rats is much harder and has only been possible since 2003. The first recorded knockout mouse was created by Mario R. Capecchi, Martin Evans, and Oliver Smithies in 1989, fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morphology (biology)
Morphology (from Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ) "form", and λόγος (lógos) "word, study, research") is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features. This includes aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, color, pattern, size), as well as the form and structure of internal parts like bones and organs, i.e., anatomy. This is in contrast to physiology, which deals primarily with function. Morphology is a branch of life science dealing with the study of the overall structure of an organism or taxon and its component parts. History The etymology of the word "morphology" is from the Ancient Greek (), meaning "form", and (), meaning "word, study, research". While the concept of form in biology, opposed to function, dates back to Aristotle (see Aristotle's biology), the field of morphology was developed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1790) and independently by the German anatomist and physiologist Karl Fried ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morphogenesis
Morphogenesis (from the Greek ''morphê'' shape and ''genesis'' creation, literally "the generation of form") is the biological process that causes a cell, tissue or organism to develop its shape. It is one of three fundamental aspects of developmental biology along with the control of tissue growth and patterning of cellular differentiation. The process controls the organized spatial distribution of cells during the embryonic development of an organism. Morphogenesis can take place also in a mature organism, such as in the normal maintenance of tissue by stem cells or in regeneration of tissues after damage. Cancer is an example of highly abnormal and pathological tissue morphogenesis. Morphogenesis also describes the development of unicellular life forms that do not have an embryonic stage in their life cycle. Morphogenesis is essential for the evolution of new forms. Morphogenesis is a mechanical process involving forces that generate mechanical stress, strain, and mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polydactylism
Polydactyly is a birth defect that results in extra fingers or toes. The hands are more commonly involved than the feet. Extra fingers may be painful, affect self-esteem, or result in clumsiness. It is associated with at least 39 genetic mutations. It may either present alone or with other defects. Cases may run in families. The underlying mechanism involves an error in limb bud formation during early development. Diagnosis may occur before birth via prenatal ultrasound as early as nine weeks. X-rays may be useful after a child is a year old. The opposite is oligodactyly (fewer fingers or toes). Treatment varies from removal by cautery to more involved surgery. While putting a tight band around the base has been carried out, this is not typically recommended. If surgery is required, this is often done around two years of age. Occasionally multiple surgeries are required. Polydactyly is present in about 4 to 12 per 10,000 newborns. It is the most common defect of the hands a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syndactylism
Syndactyly is a condition wherein two or more digits are fused together. It occurs normally in some mammals, but is an unusual condition in humans. The term is . Classification Syndactyly can be simple or complex. * In simple syndactyly, adjacent fingers or toes are joined by soft tissue. * In complex syndactyly, the bones of adjacent digits are fused. The kangaroo exhibits complex syndactyly. Syndactyly can be complete or incomplete. * In complete syndactyly, the skin is joined all the way to the tip of the involved digits. * In incomplete syndactyly, the skin is only joined part of the distance to the tip of the involved digits. Complex syndactyly occurs as part of a syndrome (such as Apert syndrome) and typically involves more digits than simple syndactyly. Fenestrated syndactyly, also known as acrosyndactyly or terminal syndactyly, means the skin is joined for most of the digit but in a proximal area there are gaps in the syndactyly with normal skin. This type of synda ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Renal Agenesis
Renal agenesis is a medical condition in which one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) fetal kidneys fail to develop. Unilateral and bilateral renal agenesis in humans, mice and zebra fish has been linked to mutations in the gene GREB1L. It has also been associated with mutations in the genes ''RET proto-oncogene, RET'' or ''UPK3A'' in humans and mice respectively. Type Bilateral Bilateral renal agenesis (BRA) is a condition in which both kidneys of a fetus fail to develop during gestation. It is incompatible with life. It is one causative agent of Potter sequence. This absence of kidneys causes oligohydramnios, a deficiency of amniotic fluid in a pregnancy, which can place extra pressure on the developing baby and cause further malformations. The condition is frequently, but not always the result of a genetic disorder, and is more common in infants born to one or more parents with a malformed or absent kidney. Unilateral This is much more common, but is not usually of any major h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immunofluorescence
Immunofluorescence (IF) is a light microscopy-based technique that allows detection and localization of a wide variety of target biomolecules within a cell or tissue at a quantitative level. The technique utilizes the binding specificity of antibodies and antigens. The specific region an antibody recognizes on an antigen is called an epitope. Several antibodies can recognize the same epitope but differ in their binding affinity. The antibody with the higher affinity for a specific epitope will surpass antibodies with a lower affinity for the same epitope. By conjugating the antibody to a fluorophore, the position of the target biomolecule is visualized by exciting the fluorophore and measuring the emission of light in a specific predefined wavelength using a fluorescence microscope. It is imperative that the binding of the fluorophore to the antibody itself does not interfere with the immunological specificity of the antibody or the binding capacity of its antigen. Immunofluore ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fraser Syndrome
Fraser syndrome (also known as Meyer-Schwickerath's syndrome, Fraser-François syndrome, or Ullrich-Feichtiger syndrome) is an autosomal recessive congenital disorder, identified by several developmental anomalies. Fraser syndrome is named for the geneticist George R. Fraser, who first described the syndrome in 1962. Signs and symptoms It is characterized by developmental defects including cryptophthalmos (where the eyelids fail to separate in each eye), and intersex development in the genitals (such as micropenis or clitoromegaly) and cryptorchidism. Congenital malformations of the nose, ears, larynx and renal system, as well as developmental delays, manifest occasionally. Syndactyly (fused fingers or toes) has also been noted. One of the earliest known descriptions of the syndrome was made by Renaissance humanist and poet Daniel Hermann in 1596. Genetics The genetic background of this disease has been linked to a gene called FRAS1, which seems to be involved in skin epi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GRIP1
{{Letter-number combination disambiguation ...
GRIP1 may refer to: * Nuclear receptor coactivator 2 * GRIP1 (gene) * Glutamate receptor-interacting protein (GRIP) Glutamate receptor-interacting protein (GRIP) refers to either a family of proteins that bind to the glutamate receptor or specifically to the GRIP1 (gene), GRIP1 protein within this family. Proteins in the glutamate receptor-interacting protein (GR ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
