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GRAMD1C
GRAM domain containing 1C also known as Aster-C is a cholesterol transport protein that is encoded by the GRAMD1C gene. It contains a transmembrane region, a GRAM domain and a VASt domain. It is anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum through its transmembrane domain. GRAMD1C has four paralogs: GRAMD1B and GRAMD1A and two without VASt domains, GRAMD2A and GRAMD2B. Homologs of GramD proteins (Lam/Ltc proteins) are found in yeast. The protein is expressed in the liver and testes. Function When the plasma membrane contains high levels of cholesterol, GRAMD1c as well as GRAMD1a and GRAMD1b move to sites of contact between the plasma membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum. GRAMD1 proteins then facilitate the transport of cholesterol into the endoplasmic reticulum. Reduction of GRAMD1B and GRAMD1C suppresses the onset of a form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in mice. The VASt domain is responsible for binding cholesterol while th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gram Domain Containing 1b
GRAM domain containing 1B, also known as GRAMD1B, Aster-B and KIAA1201, is a cholesterol transport protein that is encoded by the GRAMD1B gene. It contains a transmembrane region and two domains of known function; the GRAM domain and a VASt domain. It is anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum. This highly conserved gene is found in a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates. Homologs (Lam/Ltc proteins) are found in yeast. Gene GRAMD1B, also known as KIAA1201, is located in the human genome at 11q24.1. It is located on the + strand and is flanked by a variety of other genes. It spans 269,347 bases. mRNA The most verified isoform, isoform 1, contains 21 exons. There are four validated isoform variants of human GRAMD1B. These consist of truncated 5’ and 3’ regions, resulting in the loss of an exon. One prominent analysis of the mouse gene predicts one form of Gramd1b that is 699 amino acids long. Protein GRAMD1B is an integral membrane protein that contains several ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gram Domain-containing 2A
GRAM domain-containing 2A protein (GRAMD2A; formerly GRAMD2) is a protein encoded by the GRAMD2A gene. Like GRAMD2B, the protein consists of a GRAM domain and a transmembrane domain that anchors it to the endoplasmic reticulum. GRAMD2A is a mammalian representative of the yeast lipid transfer proteins anchored at a membrane contact site (LAM) family. It has four paralogs: GRAMD1A, GRAMD1B, GRAMD1C and GRAMD2B. Unlike LAM and its paralogs except GRAMD2B, GRAMD2A lacks a VASt domain. The protein localizes to sites where membranes from different organelles are in close apposition. There, it tethers the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane through its GRAM domain binding phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the plasma membrane at sites enriched for the phospholipid. The protein ensures proper stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) recruitment to these sites of membrane contact as part of the store-operated calcium entry pathway – a component of intracellular ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GRAM Domain
The GRAM domain is found in glucosyltransferases, myotubularins and other membrane-associated proteins. The structure of the GRAM domain is similar to that found in PH domains. Proteins containing GRAM domains are found in all eukaryotes and bacteria, but not archaea. Various GRAM domains can bind proteins or lipids. Human proteins containing this domain GRAMD1A; GRAMD1B; GRAMD1C; GRAMD2A; GRAMD2B; GRAMD4; MTM1; MTMR1; MTMR2; NCOA7; NSMAF; OXR1; SBF1; SBF2; TBC1D8; TBC1D8B; TBC1D9 TBC1 domain family member 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TBC1D9'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation' ...; TBC1D9B; WBP2; WBP2NL; dJ439F8.1; References Protein domains Protein families Peripheral membrane proteins {{membrane-protein-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
VAD1 Analog Of StAR-related Lipid Transfer
VAD1 analog of StAR-related lipid transfer (VASt) is a steroidogenic acute regulatory protein‐related lipid transfer (StART)-like lipid-binding domain first identified in the vad1 (vascular associated death1) protein in ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' (mouse-ear cress ). Proteins containing these domains are found in eukaryotes and usually contain another lipid-binding domain, typically the GRAM domain and sometimes the C2 domain in plants and the integral peroxisomal membrane peroxin Pex24p domain in oomycetes. Structure The VASt domain structurally resembles a truncated form of a START domain, but with limited sequence similarity. While VASt is a member of the Bet v1-like superfamily, it is unclear if it evolved from the same ancestral domain as the START domain or is an example of convergent evolution. The domain is highly conserved across all eukaryotes and is typically present in only one copy in VASt domain-containing proteins. Like the START domain, the VASt domain consists ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GRAM Domain-containing 2B
GRAM domain-containing 2B protein (GRAMD2B; formerly GRAMD3), also known as NS3TP2 and HCV NS3-transactivated protein 2 is a protein encoded by the GRAMD2B gene. GRAMD2B has four paralogs: GRAMD1A, GRAMD1B, GRAMD1C and GRAMD2A. These proteins are mammalian representatives of the yeast lipid transfer proteins anchored at a membrane contact site (LAM) family. GRAMD2B consists of a GRAM domain and a transmembrane domain anchoring it to the endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is, in essence, the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding. It is a type of organelle made up of two subunits – rough endoplasmic reticulum ( .... Similar to GRAMD2A, GRAMD2B lacks the VASt domain found in LAM and GRAMD1 proteins. Its function has not yet been defined, but is likely similar to that of GRAMD2A. References {{reflist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gram Domain Containing 1a
GRAM domain containing 1A also known as Aster-A is a protein that is encoded by the GRAMD1A gene. It contains a transmembrane region, a GRAM domain and a VASt domain that can bind cholesterol. GRAMD1A has four paralogs: GRAMD1B and GRAMD1C and two without VASt domains, GRAMD2A and GRAMD2B. These proteins are mammalian representatives of the yeast lipid transfer proteins anchored at a membrane contact site (LAM) family. The protein is expressed ubiquitously with higher levels in the central nervous system. Function GRAMD1A localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. Its GRAM domain tethers it to the plasma membrane where it can bind phosphatidylinositol phosphate in areas enriched for it. When the plasma membrane contains high levels of cholesterol, GRAMD1a like GRAMD1b and GRAMD1c moves to sites of contact between the plasma membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum. The VASt domain of GRAMD1A then binds cholesterol and cholesterol is moved from the plasma membrane to the e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anionic
An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convention. The net charge of an ion is not zero because its total number of electrons is unequal to its total number of protons. A cation is a positively charged ion with fewer electrons than protons while an anion is a negatively charged ion with more electrons than protons. Opposite electric charges are pulled towards one another by electrostatic force, so cations and anions attract each other and readily form ionic compounds. Ions consisting of only a single atom are termed atomic or monatomic ions, while two or more atoms form molecular ions or polyatomic ions. In the case of physical ionization in a fluid (gas or liquid), "ion pairs" are created by spontaneous molecule collisions, where each generated pair consists of a free electron a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), also known as metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), is excessive fat build-up in the liver without another clear cause such as alcohol use. There are two types; non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with the latter also including liver inflammation. Non-alcoholic fatty liver is less dangerous than NASH and usually does not progress to NASH. When NAFL does progress to NASH, it may eventually lead to complications such as cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure, or cardiovascular disease. Obesity and type 2 diabetes are strong risk factors for NAFLD. Other risks include being overweight, metabolic syndrome (defined as at least three of the five following medical conditions: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides, and low serum HDL cholesterol), a diet high in fructose, and older age. NAFLD and alcoholic liver disease are types ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plasma Membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane (PM) or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space). The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, made up of two layers of phospholipids with cholesterols (a lipid component) interspersed between them, maintaining appropriate membrane fluidity at various temperatures. The membrane also contains membrane proteins, including integral proteins that span the membrane and serve as membrane transporters, and peripheral proteins that loosely attach to the outer (peripheral) side of the cell membrane, acting as enzymes to facilitate interaction with the cell's environment. Glycolipids embedded in the outer lipid layer serve a similar purpose. The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of cells and organelles, being selectively permeable to io ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sequence Homology
Sequence homology is the biological homology between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences, defined in terms of shared ancestry in the evolutionary history of life. Two segments of DNA can have shared ancestry because of three phenomena: either a speciation event (orthologs), or a duplication event (paralogs), or else a horizontal (or lateral) gene transfer event (xenologs). Homology among DNA, RNA, or proteins is typically inferred from their nucleotide or amino acid sequence similarity. Significant similarity is strong evidence that two sequences are related by evolutionary changes from a common ancestral sequence. Alignments of multiple sequences are used to indicate which regions of each sequence are homologous. Identity, similarity, and conservation The term "percent homology" is often used to mean "sequence similarity”, that is the percentage of identical residues (''percent identity''), or the percentage of residues conserved with similar physicochemical properties ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is any of a class of certain organic molecules called lipids. It is a sterol (or modified steroid), a type of lipid. Cholesterol is biosynthesized by all animal cells and is an essential structural component of animal cell membranes. When chemically isolated, it is a yellowish crystalline solid. Cholesterol also serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, bile acid and vitamin D. Cholesterol is the principal sterol synthesized by all animals. In vertebrates, hepatic cells typically produce the greatest amounts. It is absent among prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), although there are some exceptions, such as '' Mycoplasma'', which require cholesterol for growth. François Poulletier de la Salle first identified cholesterol in solid form in gallstones in 1769. However, it was not until 1815 that chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul named the compound "cholesterine". Etymology The word "cholesterol" comes from the Ancient Greek ''chole- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid resid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
