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GEORGE (operating System)
GEORGE was the name given to a series of operating systems released by International Computers and Tabulators (ICT) in the 1960s, for the ICT 1900 series of computers. These included GEORGE 1, GEORGE 2, GEORGE 3, and GEORGE 4. Initially, the 1900 series machines, like the Ferranti-Packard 6000 on which they were based, ran a simple operating system known as Executive (operating system), Executive, which allowed the system operator to load and run programs from a Teletype Model 33 ASR based system console. In December 1964, ICT set up an Operating Systems Branch to develop a new operating system for the 1906/7. The branch was initially staffed with people being released by the end of work on the Orion Master Program, OMP operating system for the Ferranti Orion. The initial design of the new system, named George after the head of the Basic Programming Division George E. Felton, was based on ideas from the Orion and the spooling system of the Atlas Computer (Manchester), Atlas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Computers And Tabulators
International Computers and Tabulators or ICT was a British computer manufacturer, formed in 1959 by a merger of the British Tabulating Machine Company (BTM) and Powers-Samas. In 1963 it acquired the business computer divisions of Ferranti. It exported computers to many countries and in 1968 became part of International Computers Limited (ICL). Products The ICT 1101 was known as the EMIDEC 1100 computer before the acquisition of the EMI Computing Services Division who designed and produced it. The Hollerith Electronic Computer, ICT 1201 computer used vacuum tube, thermionic valve technology and its main memory was Drum memory, drum storage. Input was from 80-column punched cards and output was to 80-column cards and a Line printer, printer. Before the merger, under BTM, this had been known as the HEC4 (Herman Hollerith, Hollerith Electronic Computer, fourth version). The drum memory held 1K of 40-bit words. The computer was programmed using binary machine code instructions. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autopilot
An autopilot is a system used to control the path of a vehicle without requiring constant manual control by a human operator. Autopilots do not replace human operators. Instead, the autopilot assists the operator's control of the vehicle, allowing the operator to focus on broader aspects of operations (for example, monitoring the trajectory, weather and on-board systems). When present, an autopilot is often used in conjunction with an autothrottle, a system for controlling the power delivered by the engines. An autopilot system is sometimes Colloquialism, colloquially referred to as ''"George"'' (e.g. ''"we'll let George fly for a while"; "George is flying the plane now".''). The etymology of the nickname is unclear: some claim it is a reference to American inventor George De Beeson (1897–1965), who patented an autopilot in the 1930s, while others claim that Royal Air Force pilots coined the term during World War II to symbolize that their aircraft technically belonged to Ki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Overlay (programming)
In a general computing sense, overlaying means "the process of transferring a Block (data storage), block of program code or other data into main memory, replacing what is already stored". Overlaying is a computer programming, programming method that allows programs to be larger than the computer's main memory. An embedded system would normally use overlays because of the limitation of physical memory, which is internal memory for a system-on-chip, and the lack of virtual memory facilities. Usage Constructing an overlay program involves manually dividing a program into self-contained object code blocks called overlays or links, generally laid out in a tree structure. ''Sibling'' segments, those at the same depth level, share the same memory, called ''overlay region'' or ''destination region''. An overlay manager, either part of the operating system or part of the overlay program, loads the required overlay from Auxiliary memory, external memory into its destination region when i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MINIMOP
MINIMOP was an operating system which ran on the International Computers Limited (ICL) 1900 series of computers. MINIMOP provided an on-line, time-sharing In computing, time-sharing is the Concurrency (computer science), concurrent sharing of a computing resource among many tasks or users by giving each Process (computing), task or User (computing), user a small slice of CPU time, processing time. ... environment (Multiple Online Programming, or MOP in ICL terminology), and typically ran alongside George 2 running batch jobs. MINIMOP was named to reflect its role as an alternative to the MOP facilities of George 3, which required a more powerful machine. MINIMOP would run on any 1900 series processor apart from the low-end 1901 and 1902 and required only 16K words of memory and two 4 or 8 million character magnetic disks. Each user was provided with a fixed size file to hold his data, which was subdivided into a number of variable sized ''subfiles''. The command language ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Remote Job Entry
Remote job entry, or Remote Batch, is the procedure for sending requests for non-interactive data processing tasks ( jobs) to mainframe computers from remote workstations, and by extension the process of receiving the output from such jobs at a remote workstation. The RJE workstation is called a remote because it usually is located some distance from the host computer. The workstation connects to the host through a modem, digital link, packet-switching network or local area network (LAN). RJE is similar to uux and SSH, except that the workstation sends a complete job stream rather than a single command and that the user does not receive any output until the completion of the job.. The terms Remote Batch, Remote Job System and Remote Job Processing are also used for RJE facilities. Examples Remote Job Entry (RJE) is also the name of an OS/360 component that provided RJE services. An RJE workstation operator may have complete console control of the job flow between the workstat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Job Control Language
Job Control Language (JCL) is a scripting language used on IBM mainframe operating systems to instruct the system on how to run a batch processing, batch job or start a subsystem. The purpose of JCL is to say which programs to run, using which files or devices for input or output, and at times to also indicate under what conditions to skip a step. Parameters in the JCL can also provide accounting information for tracking the resources used by a job as well as which machine the job should run on. There are two distinct IBM Job Control Languages: * one for the operating system lineage that begins with DOS/360 and whose latest member is z/VSE; and * the other for the lineage from OS/360 to z/OS, the latter now including Job Entry Subsystem 2/3, JES extensions, #Job Entry Control Language, Job ''Entry'' Control Language (JECL). They share some basic syntax rules and a few basic concepts, but are otherwise very different. The VM (operating system), VM operating system does not have ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Batch Processing
Computerized batch processing is a method of running software programs called jobs in batches automatically. While users are required to submit the jobs, no other interaction by the user is required to process the batch. Batches may automatically be run at scheduled times as well as being run contingent on the availability of computer resources. History The term "batch processing" originates in the traditional classification of methods of production as job production (one-off production), batch production (production of a "batch" of multiple items at once, one stage at a time), and flow production (mass production, all stages in process at once). Early history Early computers were capable of running only one program at a time. Each user had sole control of the machine for a scheduled period of time. They would arrive at the computer with program and data, often on punched paper cards and magnetic or paper tape, and would load their program, run and debug it, and carry off thei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fall Joint Computer Conference
The Joint Computer Conferences were a series of computer conferences in the United States held under various names between 1951 and 1987. The conferences were the venue for presentations and papers representing "cumulative work in the omputerfield." Originally a semi-annual pair, the Western Joint Computer Conference (WJCC) was held annually in the western United States, and a counterpart, the Eastern Joint Computer Conference (EJCC), was held annually in the eastern US. Both conferences were sponsored by an organization known as the ''National Joint Computer Committee'' (NJCC), composed of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) Committee on Computing Devices, and the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) Professional Group on Electronic Computers. In 1962 the American Federation of Information Processing Societies (AFIPS) took over sponsorship and renamed them Fall Joint Computer Conference (FJCC) and Spring Joint Com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Time-sharing
In computing, time-sharing is the Concurrency (computer science), concurrent sharing of a computing resource among many tasks or users by giving each Process (computing), task or User (computing), user a small slice of CPU time, processing time. This quick switch between tasks or users gives the illusion of Parallel computing, simultaneous execution. It enables computer multitasking, multi-tasking by a single user or enables multiple-user sessions. Developed during the 1960s, its emergence as the prominent model of computing in the 1970s represented a major technological shift in the history of computing. By allowing many users to interact concurrent computing, concurrently with a single computer, time-sharing dramatically lowered the cost of providing computing capability, made it possible for individuals and organizations to use a computer without owning one, and promoted the Interactive computing, interactive use of computers and the development of new interactive application ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Project MAC
Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) is a research institute at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a Private university, private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Established in 1861, MIT has played a significant role in the development of many areas of moder ... (MIT) formed by the 2003 merger of the Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) and the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (AI Lab). Housed within the Ray and Maria Stata Center, CSAIL is the largest on-campus laboratory as measured by research scope and membership. It is part of the Schwarzman College of Computing but is also overseen by the MIT Vice President of Research. Research activities CSAIL's research activities are organized around a number of semi-autonomous research groups, each of which is headed by one or more professors or research scientists. These groups are divided up into seven gene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Compatible Time-Sharing System
The Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) was the first general purpose time-sharing operating system. Compatible Time Sharing referred to time sharing which was compatible with batch processing; it could offer both time sharing and batch processing concurrently. CTSS was developed at the MIT Computation Center ("Comp Center"). CTSS was first demonstrated on MIT's modified IBM 709 in November 1961. The hardware was replaced with a modified IBM 7090 in 1962 and later a modified IBM 7094 called the "blue machine" to distinguish it from the Project MAC CTSS IBM 7094. Routine service to MIT Comp Center users began in the summer of 1963 and was operated there until 1968. A second deployment of CTSS on a separate IBM 7094 that was received in October 1963 (the "red machine") was used early on in Project MAC until 1969 when the red machine was moved to the Information Processing Center and operated until July 20, 1973. CTSS ran on only those two machines; however, there were remot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Physical Laboratory, UK
The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) is the national measurement standards laboratory of the United Kingdom. It sets and maintains physical standards for British industry. Founded in 1900, the NPL is one of the oldest metrology institutes in the world. Research and development work at the laboratory has contributed to the advancement of many disciplines of science, including the development of early computers in the late 1940s and 1950s, construction of the first accurate atomic clock in 1955, and the invention and first implementation of packet switching in the 1960s, which is today one of the fundamental technologies of the Internet. The former heads of NPL include many individuals who were pillars of the British scientific establishment. NPL is based at Bushy Park in Teddington, southwest London. It is operated by NPL Management Ltd, a company owned by the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, and is one of the most extensive government laboratories in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
