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French Provisional Government Of 1815
The French Provisional Government or French Executive Commission of 1815 replaced the French government of the Hundred Days that had been formed by Napoleon after his return from exile on Elba. It was formed on 22 June 1815 after the abdication of Napoleon following his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. The government acted under the nominal authority of Napoleon II, who had technically succeeded his father as Emperor after the abdication; however, this was a mere formality, since Napoleon II was a four-year-old child and was in Austria with his mother Marie Louise, and thus unable to actually exercise his powers. Following the second Bourbon Restoration, on 9 July 1815 the Provisional Government was replaced by the Ministry of Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord. Formation On 12 June 1815 Napoleon left Paris for modern day Belgium, where the two Coalition armies, an allied one commanded by the Duke of Wellington and a Prussian one under Prince Gebhard Leberecht von Blü ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First French Empire
The First French Empire or French Empire (; ), also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from 18 May 1804 to 6 April 1814 and again briefly from 20 March 1815 to 7 July 1815, when Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena. Although France had already established a French colonial empire, colonial empire overseas since the early 17th century, the French state had remained a France in the early modern period, kingdom under the Bourbons and a French First Republic, republic after the French Revolution. Historians refer to Napoleon's regime as the ''First Empire'' to distinguish it from the restorationist ''Second French Empire, Second Empire'' (1852–1870) ruled by his nephew Napoleon III. On 18 May 1804 (28 Floréal year XII on the French Republican calendar), Napoleon was granted the title Emperor of the French (, ) by the French and w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul Grenier
Count Paul Grenier (; 29 January 1768 – 17 April 1827) joined the French royal army and rapidly rose to general officer rank during the French Revolutionary Wars. He led a division in the 1796-1797 campaign in southern Germany. During the 1800 campaign in the Electorate of Bavaria he was a wing commander. Beginning in 1809, in the Napoleonic Wars, Emperor Napoleon I entrusted him with corps commands in the Italian theater. A skilled tactician, he was one of the veteran generals who made the Napoleonic armies such a formidable foe to the other European powers. After the Bourbon Restoration he retired from the army and later went into politics. Grenier is one of the Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe. French Revolution Born in 1768 to a father who was a minor government official in Saarlouis (then a French territory), Grenier joined the French royal army as a private soldier in the ''Nassau'' Infantry Regiment on 21 December 1784. After the French Revolution broke out h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicolas François, Count Mollien
Nicolas François, Count Mollien (born 28 February 1758 in Rouen, Seine-Inférieure – died 20 April 1850 in Paris, Seine), was a French financier. The son of a merchant, he early showed ability, and entered the ministry of finance, where he rose rapidly; in 1784, at the time of the renewal of the arrangements with the tax-farmers-general, he was practically chief in that department and made terms advantageous to the national exchequer. Under Calonne he improved the returns from the farmers-general; and he was largely instrumental in bringing about the erection of the ''octroi'' walls of Paris in place of the insufficient wooden barriers. He, however, advocated an abolition of some of the restrictions on imports, as came about in the Anglo-French commercial treaty of 1786, to the conclusion of which he contributed in no small measure. The events of the French Revolution threatened at times to overwhelm Mollien. In 1794 he was brought before the revolutionary tribunal of Évreu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin
Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin, 1st duc de Gaëte (19 January 1756 – 5 November 1841) was a French statesman who served as Minister of Finance of the French Empire under Napoleon I, from November 1799 to March 1814, and during the Hundred Days following Napoleon's return from exile in Elba. Early life Gaudin was born in Saint-Denis in 1756. Career He was Minister of Finance under the Directory from 3 November 1795 to 8 November 1795. After Napoleon made him his Minister of Finance, where he held office until 1814, Gaudin organised the French direct contributions, reintroduced direct taxes ("droits réunis"), founded the Banque de France and the Cour des comptes, and set up the first cadaster, or record of land ownership as a basis of taxation. He was rewarded in 1809 with the duché grand-fief of Gaeta and the title of ''duc de Gaëte'', in the then-French-controlled Kingdom of Naples; effectively, this was a life peerage, nominal but of high rank. During the H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of Economics And Finance (France)
The Ministry of Economics, Finance and Industrial and Digital Sovereignty (, pronounced ), informally referred to as Bercy, is one of the most important ministries in the Government of France. Its minister is one of the most prominent cabinet members after the prime minister. The name of the ministry has changed over time; it has included the terms "economics", "industry", "finance" and "employment" throughout its history. Responsibilities The Minister of Economics and Finance oversees: * the drafting of laws on taxation by exercising direct authority over the Tax Policy Board (''Direction de la législation fiscale'') of the General Directorate of Public Finances (''Direction générale des Finances publiques''), formerly the Department of Revenue (''Direction générale des impôts''); * national funds and financial and economic system, especially with the Office of the Treasurer and Receiver General (''Direction générale du Trésor or French Treasury''), not to be confused w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antoine Jacques Claude Joseph, Comte Boulay De La Meurthe
Antoine Jacques Claude Joseph, comte Boulay de la Meurthe (; 19 February 17614 February 1840), was a French politician and magistrate. Biography Boulay was the son of an agricultural labourer, born at Chamousey (Vosges). He became orphaned at an early age and was adopted by his uncle l'Abbé POIROT. Called to the bar at Nancy in 1783, he presently went to Paris, where he rapidly acquired a reputation as a lawyer and a speaker. He supported the revolutionary cause in Lorraine, and fought at Valmy (1792) and Wissembourg (1793) in the republican army. But his moderate principles brought suspicion on him, and during the Terror he had to go into hiding. He represented La Meurthe in the Council of Five Hundred, of which he was twice president, but his views developed steadily in the conservative direction. Fearing a possible renewal of the Terror, he became an active member of the plot for the overthrow of the Directory in November 1799. He was rewarded by the presidency of the le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of Justice (France)
The Ministry of Justice () is a ministerial department of the Government of France, also known in French as . It is headed by the Minister of Justice, also known as the Keeper of the Seals, a member of the Council of Ministers. The ministry's headquarters are on Place Vendôme, Paris. Organization * Minister of Justice: The current Minister of Justice is Gérald Darmanin since December 2024. * The Judicial Services Directorate ( (known as DSJ) is responsible for the civil courts. The DSJ contributes to the drafting of texts and provides its opinion on laws being drafted and regulations that regards the courts. * The Civil Affairs and Seals Directorate ( (DACS) * The Criminal Matters and Pardons Directorate () (DACG) contributes to drafting criminal justice texts that lay down the rules for proceedings, judgment, and enforcement of rulings and oversees their application. * The Prison Administration Directorate a.k.a. French Prison Service ( (DAP, "Prisons Administration Direct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Pelet De La Lozère
Privat Joseph Claramont, comte Pelet de la Lozère (12 July 1785 – 9 February 1871) was a French administrator and politician. He served under the regime of Napoleon, and as a prefect under the Bourbon Restoration. He was a Deputy from 1827 until 1837, when he was made a Peer of France. He was Minister of Education in 1836 and Minister of Finance in 1840. Early years Privat Joseph Claramont, Count Pelet de la Lozère, was born on 12 July 1785 in Saint-Jean-du-Gard, Gard. He was the oldest son of Jean Pelet de la Lozère (1759–1842), a deputy to the French National Convention, and of Marie Antoinette Rodier. Joseph Pelet joined the administration in the year VIII as a supernumerary at the Ministry of Interior. He was appointed auditor to the Council of State and Director of the Crown Forests in 1806. He was made Master of Requests in 1811 and administrator of the ''domaine extraordinaire'' in 1814. Bourbon Restoration During the Bourbon Restoration Pelet served from 24 Febru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of Police (France)
The Ministry of Police () was the Government of France department responsible for the police from its creation in 1796 to its suppression in 1818, and briefly again between 1852 and 1853. It was headed by the Minister of Police (France), Minister of Police. History On 2 January 1796 and only two months after its establishment, the French Directory, Executive Directory created a seventh ministry under the name of Ministry of General Police. The decree of creation mentions in its introduction a resolution of the Council of Five Hundred recognizing that the Ministry of Interior (France), Ministry of Interior was unable to properly lead the police of the First French Republic, republic due to its size, and as such it declared a state of emergency. During its existence and after years of troubles, the ministry was able to create a database of known criminals and offenders which reportedly helped to stabilize the regime. Its administration was merged with the interior portfolio in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claude-Marie Carnot
Claude-Marie Carnot (called Carnot-Feulins; 15 July 1755 – 16 October 1836) was a French soldier, the brother of Lazare Carnot (1753-1823). He was a deputy to the Legislative Assembly of 1791, a Representative during the Hundred Days of 1815 and a provisional commissioner (minister) in the French Executive Commission of 1815. Early years Claude-Marie Carnot was born on 15 July 1755 at Nolay, Côte-d'Or. He was a captain of the Engineers when the French Revolution broke out in 1789. He was a moderate supporter of the revolutionary principles. He settled in the Pas-de-Calais, and in 1790 became administrator of this department. On 27 August 1791 he was elected deputy for the department. He was an active member of the Military Committee for the duration of the Assembly. On 10 August 1792 he was one of the commissioners sent to the Hôtel de Ville. The Swiss guards defending it were destroyed and the king was taken into custody. A decree was made to send commissioners to the armie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minister Of The Interior (France)
Minister of the Interior (, ) is the interior minister of French government, traditionally responsible for internal security and territorial administration. The minister ensures the maintenance and cohesion of the country's institutions throughout the territory. The current Minister of the Interior is Bruno Retailleau, who has held the position since September 21, 2024. Responsibilities The Minister of the Interior is responsible for the following: * The general interior security of the country, with respect to criminal acts or natural catastrophes ** including the major law-enforcement forces *** the National Police *** the National Gendarmerie for its police operations since 2009; as a part of the French Armed Forces, the Gendarmerie is administratively under the purview of the Ministry of Armed Forces ** General directorate for civil defence and crisis management ( Sécurité Civile) *** the directorate of Firefighters ( Sapeurs-Pompiers) * the granting of identity ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louis Pierre Édouard, Baron Bignon
Louis Pierre Édouard, Baron Bignon (3 January 1771 in La Mailleraye-sur-Seine – 6 January 1841) was a French diplomat and historian. Biography Louis de Bignon was born at La Mailleraye-sur-Seine, Seine-Maritime, the son of a dyer. Although he had received a good education, he served throughout the early part of the French Revolutionary Wars without rising above the rank of private. In 1797, however, the attention of Talleyrand, then minister of foreign affairs was called to his exceptional abilities by General Huet, and he was attached to the diplomatic service. After serving in the legations in Switzerland and the Cisalpine Republic, he was appointed in 1799 attaché to the French legation at Berlin, three years later he became ''chargé d'affaires''. As minister-plenipotentiary at Cassel, between the years 1804 and 1806, he took a prominent share in the formation of the confederation of the Rhine; and after the battle of Jena he returned to Prussia as the administrator ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
