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France Debate Over Veils
In France, there is an ongoing social, political, and legal debate concerning the wearing of the hijab and other forms of Islamic coverings in public. The cultural framework of the controversy can be traced to France's history of colonization in North Africa, but escalated into a significant public debate in 1989 when three girls were suspended from school for refusing to remove their headscarves. That incident, referred to in France as ''l'affaire du foulard'' (the scarf affair) or ''l'affaire du voile'' (the veil affair), initially focused the controversy on the wearing of the hijab in French public schools. Because of the wide-ranging social debates caused by the controversy, ''l'affaire du foulard'' has been compared to the Dreyfus affair in its impact on French culture. Since 1989, the debate has grown to include the wearing of Islamic coverings on public beaches, when playing sports, and by politicians. The larger debate involves the concept of ''laïcité'' (secularis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
François Bayrou
François René Jean Lucien Bayrou (; born 25 May 1951) is a French politician who has served as Prime Minister of France since December 2024. He has presided over the European Democratic Party (EDP) since 2004 and the Democratic Movement (France), Democratic Movement (MoDem) since 2007. A Centrism, centrist, he was a candidate in the 2002 French presidential election, 2002, 2007 French presidential election, 2007 and 2012 French presidential election, 2012 presidential elections. From 1993 to 1997, Bayrou was Ministry of National Education (France), Minister of National Education in three successive governments. He was also a member of the National Assembly (France), National Assembly for a seat in Pyrénées-Atlantiques from 1986 to 2012 with brief interruptions and a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1999 to 2002. He has been mayor of Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Pau since 2014. It was speculated that Bayrou would be a candidate in the 2017 French presidential elect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Right
Right-wing politics is the range of political ideologies that view certain social orders and hierarchies as inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable, typically supporting this position based on natural law, economics, authority, property, religion, or tradition. Hierarchy and inequality may be seen as natural results of traditional social differences or competition in market economies. Right-wing politics are considered the counterpart to left-wing politics, and the left–right political spectrum is the most common political spectrum. The right includes social conservatives and fiscal conservatives, as well as right-libertarians. "Right" and "right-wing" have been variously used as compliments and pejoratives describing neoliberal, conservative, and fascist economic and social ideas. Positions The following positions are typically associated with right-wing politics. Anti-communism Early communists used the term "right-wing" in reference to conservatives, placing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Left
Left-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy either as a whole or of certain social hierarchies. Left-wing politics typically involve a concern for those in society whom its adherents perceive as disadvantaged relative to others as well as a belief that there are unjustified inequalities that need to be reduced or abolished, through radical means that change the nature of the society they are implemented in. According to emeritus professor of economics Barry Clark, supporters of left-wing politics "claim that human development flourishes when individuals engage in cooperative, mutually respectful relations that can thrive only when excessive differences in status, power, and wealth are eliminated." Within the left–right political spectrum, ''Left'' and ''Right'' were coined during the French Revolution, referring to the seating arrangement in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Greens (France)
The Greens ( , LV; also ''Les Verts, Confédération écologiste – Parti écologiste'', VEC) was a left-wing to centre-left green-ecologist political party in France. The Greens had been in existence since 1984, but their spiritual roots could be traced as far back as René Dumont's candidacy for the presidency in 1974. On 13 November 2010, The Greens merged with Europe Ecology to become Europe Ecology – The Greens. History Early years Since 1974, the environmentalist movement has been a permanent feature of the French political scene, contesting every election: municipal, national & European. In the years following Dumont's challenge for the presidency, and prior to the formal confirmation of les Verts as political party, environmentalists contested elections under such banners as ''Ecology 78'', ''Ecology Europe'' and ''Ecology Today''. When, in 1982, ''the Ecologist Party'' merged with ''the Ecologist Confederation'', les Verts were born. Under the ideological guidan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicolas Sarkozy
Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa ( ; ; born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as President of France from 2007 to 2012. In 2021, he was found guilty of having tried to bribe a judge in 2014 to obtain information and spending beyond legal campaign funding limits during his 2012 re-election campaign. Born in Paris, his roots are 1/2 Hungarian Protestant, 1/4 Greek Jewish, and 1/4 French Catholic. Mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine from 1983 to 2002, he was Ministry of the Economy and Finance (France), Minister of the Budget under Prime Minister Édouard Balladur (1993–1995) during François Mitterrand's second term. During Jacques Chirac's second presidential term, he served as Minister of the Interior (France), Minister of the Interior and as Minister of Finances (France), Minister of Finances. He was the leader of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) party from 2004 to 2007. He won the 2007 French presidential election by a 53.1% to 46.9% margin agai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Pierre Chevènement
Jean-Pierre Chevènement (; born 9 March 1939)List of Senators re-elected in 2008 (PDF file), Senate website. is a French politician who served as a minister in the 1980s and 1990s best known for his candidacy in the . After serving as of , he was elected to the |
Jacques Chirac
Jacques René Chirac (, ; ; 29 November 193226 September 2019) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007. He was previously Prime Minister of France from 1974 to 1976 and 1986 to 1988, as well as Mayor of Paris from 1977 to 1995. After attending the , Chirac began his career as a high-level civil servant, entering politics shortly thereafter. Chirac occupied various senior positions, including minister of agriculture and minister of the interior. In 1981 and 1988, he unsuccessfully ran for president as the standard-bearer for the conservative Gaullist party Rally for the Republic (RPR). Chirac's internal policies initially included lower tax rates, the removal of price controls, strong punishment for crime and terrorism, and business privatisation. After pursuing these policies in his second term as prime minister, Chirac changed his views. He argued for different economic policies and was elected president in 1995, with 52.6% of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1905 French Law On The Separation Of The Churches And The State
The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and State (French language, French: ) was passed by the Chamber of Deputies (France), Chamber of Deputies on 3 July 1905. Enacted during the French Third Republic, Third Republic, it established state secularism in France. France was then governed by the ''Bloc des gauches'' (Left Coalition) led by Émile Combes. The law was based on three principles: the neutrality of the state, the freedom of religion, freedom of religious exercise, and public powers related to the church. This law is seen as the backbone of the French principle of ''laïcité'' (secularism). It is however not applicable in Alsace and Moselle (department), Moselle, which were part of Germany when it was enacted. History Prior to the French Revolution of 1789 — since the days of the conversion of Clovis I to Christianity in 508 AD — Catholic Church in France, Catholicism had been the state religion of France, and closely identified with the ''Ancien Régime ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islamic Fundamentalism
Islamic fundamentalism has been defined as a revivalist and reform movement of Muslims who aim to return to the founding scriptures of Islam. The term has been used interchangeably with similar terms such as Islamism, Islamic revivalism, Qutbism, Islamic activism, and has been criticized as pejorative. Some of the beliefs attributed to Islamic fundamentalists are that the primary sources of Islam (the Quran, Hadith, and Sunnah), should be interpreted in a literal and originalist way; that corrupting non-Islamic influences should be eliminated from every part of Muslims' lives; and that the societies, economies, and governance of Muslim-majority countries should return to the fundamentals of Islam, the system of Islam, and become Islamic states. Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994: p. 215 Definitions and descriptions The term fundamentalism has been deemed misleading by those who suggest that all mainstream Muslims believe in the literal divine origin and perfection ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Rally
The National Rally (, , RN), known as the National Front from 1972 to 2018 (, , FN), is a French far-right politics, far-right political party, described as right-wing populist and French nationalism, nationalist. It is the single largest National Rally group (National Assembly), parliamentary opposition party in the National Assembly (France), National Assembly since 2022. It Opposition to immigration, opposes immigration, advocating significant cuts to legal immigration, protection of French identity, and stricter control of illegal immigration. The party advocates a "more balanced" and "independent" French foreign policy, opposing French military intervention in Africa while supporting France leaving NATO's integrated command. It also supports reform of the European Union (EU), economic interventionism, protectionism, and zero tolerance for breaches of Law and order (politics), law and order. The party was founded in 1972 by the Ordre Nouveau (1960s), Ordre Nouveau to be t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joan Wallach Scott
Joan Wallach Scott (born December 18, 1941) is an American historian of France with contributions in gender history. She is a professor emerita in the School of Social Science in the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Scott is known for her work in feminist history and gender theory, engaging post-structural theory on these topics. Geographically, her work focuses primarily on France, and thematically she deals with how power works, the relation between language and experience, and the role and practice of historians. Her work grapples with theory's application to historical and current events, focusing on how terms are defined and how positions and identities are articulated. Among her publications was the article " Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis", published in 1986 in the ''American Historical Review.'' This article, "undoubtedly one of the most widely read and cited articles in the journal's history", was foundational in the formation o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
