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Fluorochemical Industry
The global market for chemicals from fluorine was about US$16 billion per year as of 2006. The industry was predicted to reach 2.6 million metric tons per year by 2015. The largest market is the United States. Western Europe is the second largest. Asia Pacific is the fastest growing region of production. China in particular has experienced significant growth as a fluorochemical market and is becoming a producer of them as well. Fluorite mining (the main source of fluorine) was estimated in 2003 to be a $550 million industry, extracting 4.5 million tons per year. Mined fluorite is separated into two main grades, with about equal production of each. ''Acidspar'' is at least 97% CaF2; ''metspar'' is much lower purity, 60–85%. (A small amount of the intermediate, ''ceramic'', grade is also made.) Metspar is used almost exclusively for iron smelting. Acidspar is primarily converted to hydrofluoric acid (by reaction with sulfuric acid). The resultant HF is mos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fluorine
Fluorine is a chemical element; it has Chemical symbol, symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists at Standard temperature and pressure, standard conditions as pale yellow Diatomic molecule, diatomic gas. Fluorine is extremely Reactivity (chemistry), reactive as it reacts with all other Periodic table, elements except for the light Noble gas, noble gases. It is highly toxicity, toxic. Among the elements, fluorine ranks Abundance of the chemical elements, 24th in cosmic abundance and 13th in crustal abundance. Fluorite, the primary mineral source of fluorine, which gave the element its name, was first described in 1529; as it was added to metal ores to lower their melting points for smelting, the Latin verb meaning gave the mineral its name. Proposed as an element in 1810, fluorine proved difficult and dangerous to separate from its compounds, and several early experimenters died or sustained injuries from their attempts. Only in 1886 did French chemist He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, and has numerous applications because it is chemically inert. The commonly known brand name of PTFE-based composition is Teflon by Chemours, a corporate spin-off, spin-off from DuPont (1802–2017), DuPont, which originally invented the compound in 1938. Polytetrafluoroethylene is a fluorocarbon solid, as it is a high-molecular-weight polymer consisting wholly of carbon and fluorine. PTFE is hydrophobic: neither water nor water-containing substances Wetting, wet PTFE, as fluorocarbons exhibit only small London dispersion forces due to the low polarizability, electric polarizability of fluorine. PTFE has one of the lowest Friction#Coefficient of friction, coefficients of friction of any solid. Polytetrafluoroethylene is used as a non-stick coating for Cookware and bakeware, pans and other Cookware and bakeware, cookware. It is Chemically inert, non-reactive, partly because of the strength of car ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aluminium Fluoride
Aluminium fluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula . It forms hydrates . Anhydrous and its hydrates are all colorless solids. Anhydrous is used in the production of aluminium. Several occur as minerals. Occurrence and production Aside from anhydrous , several hydrates are known. With the formula , these compounds include monohydrate (''x'' = 1), two polymorphs of the trihydrate (''x'' = 3), a hexahydrate (''x'' = 6), and a nonahydrate (''x'' = 9). The majority of aluminium fluoride is produced by treating alumina with hydrogen fluoride at 700 °C: Hexafluorosilicic acid may also be used make aluminium fluoride. : Alternatively, it is manufactured by thermal decomposition of ammonium hexafluoroaluminate. For small scale laboratory preparations, can also be prepared by treating aluminium hydroxide or aluminium with hydrogen fluoride. Aluminium fluoride trihydrate is found in nature as the rare mineral rosenbergite. The anhydrous form appears as the relatively ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodium Hexafluoroaluminate
Sodium hexafluoroaluminate is an inorganic compound with formula Na3 Al F6. This white solid, discovered in 1799 by Peder Christian Abildgaard (1740–1801), occurs naturally as the mineral cryolite and is used extensively in the industrial production of aluminium. The compound is the sodium (Na+) salt of the hexafluoroaluminate (AlF63−) ion. Production Most cryolite is manufactured by a variety of related pathways. One route entails combining sodium aluminate and hydrofluoric acid: :Na3Al(OH)6 + 6 HF → Na3AlF6 + 6 H2O Other routes include: : : Often the hexafluoroaluminic acid, which is recovered from phosphate mining, is the precursor in a two-step process beginning with neutralization with ammonia to give ammonium hexafluoroaluminate: :H3AlF6 + 3NH3 → (NH4)3AlF6 :(NH4)3AlF6 + 3NaOH → Na3AlF6 + 3NH3 + 3H2O The mineral form of sodium hexafluoroaluminate, which is called cryolite, was mined at Ivigtût on the west coast of Greenland until the depo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryolite Extraction Of Aluminium (labeled-en)
Cryolite ( Na3 Al F6, sodium hexafluoroaluminate) is a rare mineral identified with the once-large deposit at Ivittuut on the west coast of Greenland, mined commercially until 1987. It is used in the reduction ("smelting") of aluminium, in pest control, and as a dye. History Cryolite was first described in 1798 by Danish veterinarian and physician (1740–1801), from rock samples obtained from local Inuit who used the mineral for washing their hides; the actual source of the ore was later discovered in 1806 by the explorer Karl Ludwig Giesecke. who found the deposit at Ivigtut (old spelling) and nearby Arsuk Fjord, Southwest Greenland, where it was extracted by Øresund Chemical Industries. The name is derived from the Greek words (), and (). The Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company used large amounts of cryolite to make caustic soda and fluorine compounds, including hydrofluoric acid at its Natrona, Pennsylvania, works, and at its integrated chemical plant in Cornwells He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Petrochemical Industry
file:Jampilen Petrochemical Co. 02.jpg, 300px, Jampilen Petrochemical co., Asaluyeh, Iran The petrochemical industry is concerned with the production and trade of petrochemicals. A major part is constituted by the plastics industry, plastics (polymer) industry. It directly interfaces with the petroleum industry, especially the downstream (petroleum industry), downstream sector. Companies The top global petrochemical companies based on different KPIs: Countries and sites *Marun petrochemical complex Technology Conferences *Asia Petrochemical Industry Conference *International Petrochemical Conference by the American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers, AFPM Associations *American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers (AFPM) *European Petrochemical Association (EPCA) *Gulf Petrochemicals and Chemicals Association (GPCA) *Petrochemicals Europe (industry sector of Cefic) Awards *Medal "For the Tapping of the Subsoil and Expansion of the Petrochemical Complex of Western Siberia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cracking (chemistry)
In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or long-chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon–carbon bonds in the precursors. The rate of cracking and the end products are strongly dependent on the temperature and presence of catalysts. Cracking is the breakdown of large hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful alkanes and alkenes. Simply put, hydrocarbon cracking is the process of breaking long-chain hydrocarbons into short ones. This process requires high temperatures. More loosely, outside the field of petroleum chemistry, the term "cracking" is used to describe any type of splitting of molecules under the influence of heat, catalysts and solvents, such as in processes of destructive distillation or pyrolysis. Fluid catalytic cracking produces a high yield of petrol and LPG, while hydrocracking is a major source of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reaction Intermediate
In chemistry, a reaction intermediate, or intermediate, is a molecular entity arising within the sequence of a stepwise chemical reaction. It is formed as the reaction product of an elementary step, from the reactants and/or preceding intermediates, but is consumed in a later step. It does not appear in the chemical equation for the overall reaction. For example, consider this hypothetical reaction: :A + B → C + D If this overall reaction comprises two elementary steps thus: :A + B → X :X → C + D then X is a reaction intermediate. The phrase ''reaction intermediate'' is often abbreviated to the single word ''intermediate'', and this is IUPAC's preferred form of the term. But this shorter form has other uses. It often refers to reactive intermediates. It is also used more widely for chemicals such as cumene which are traded within the chemical industry but are not generally of value outside it. IUPAC definition The IUPAC Gold Book defines an ''intermediate'' as a co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lime (material)
Lime is an Inorganic compound, inorganic material composed primarily of calcium oxides and hydroxides. It is also the name for calcium oxide which is used as an industrial mineral and is made by heating calcium carbonate in a kiln. Calcium oxide can occur as a product of coal-seam fires and in altered limestone xenoliths in volcanic ejecta. The International Mineralogical Association recognizes lime as a mineral with the chemical formula of CaO. The word ''lime'' originates with its earliest use as building mortar and has the sense of ''sticking or adhering''. These materials are still used in large quantities in the manufacture of steel and as building and engineering materials (including limestone products, cement, concrete, and mortar (masonry), mortar), as chemical feedstocks, for sugar refining, and other uses. Lime industries and the use of many of the resulting products date from prehistoric times in both the Old World and the New World. Lime is used extensively for was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's rate-dependent drag (physics), resistance to a change in shape or to movement of its neighboring portions relative to one another. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of ''thickness''; for example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water. Viscosity is defined scientifically as a force multiplied by a time divided by an area. Thus its SI units are newton-seconds per metre squared, or pascal-seconds. Viscosity quantifies the internal friction, frictional force between adjacent layers of fluid that are in relative motion. For instance, when a viscous fluid is forced through a tube, it flows more quickly near the tube's center line than near its walls. Experiments show that some stress (physics), stress (such as a pressure difference between the two ends of the tube) is needed to sustain the flow. This is because a force is required to overcome the friction between the layers of the fluid which are in relative motion. For a tube ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phosphogypsum
Phosphogypsum (PG) is the calcium sulfate hydrate formed as a by-product of the production of fertilizer, particularly phosphoric acid, from phosphate rock. It is mainly composed of gypsum (). Although gypsum is a widely used material in the construction industry, phosphogypsum is usually not used, but is stored indefinitely because of its weak radioactivity caused by the presence of naturally occurring uranium (U) and thorium (Th), and their daughter isotopes radium (Ra), radon (Rn) and polonium (Po). On the other hand, it includes several valuable components—Calcium sulfate, calcium sulphates and elements such as silicon, iron, titanium, magnesium, Aluminium, aluminum, and manganese. However, the long-term storage of phosphogypsum is controversial.Ayres, R. U., Holmberg, J., Andersson, B., "Materials and the Global environment: Waste Mining in the 21st Century", MRS Bull. 2001, 26, 477. About five tons of phosphogypsum are generated per ton of phosphoric acid production. Annu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tungsten Hexafluoride
Tungsten(VI) fluoride, also known as tungsten hexafluoride, is an inorganic compound with the formula . It is a toxic, corrosive, colorless gas, with a density of about (roughly 11 times heavier than air). It is the densest known gas under standard ambient temperature and pressure (298 K, 1 atm) and the only well characterized gas under these conditions that contains a transition metal. is commonly used by the semiconductor industry to form tungsten films, through the process of chemical vapor deposition. This layer is used in a low-resistivity metallic "interconnect". It is one of seventeen known binary hexafluorides. Properties The molecule is octahedral with the symmetry point group of Oh. The W–F bond distances are . p. 4-93. Between , tungsten hexafluoride condenses into a colorless liquid having the density of at . At it freezes into a white solid having a cubic crystalline structure, the lattice constant of 628 pm and calculated density . At this structure transfo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
