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Ferrari California
The Ferrari California (Type F149) is a Grand tourer, grand touring, high performance sports car created by the Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari. It is a two-door 2+2 (car body style), 2+2 Retractable hardtop, hard top convertible. When originally unveiled in 2008, the California was powered by a Front mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout, front-mid mounted, rear wheel drive, naturally aspirated 4.3-litre V8 engine, V8. In 2012, a lighter, slightly more powerful variant, the California 30, was introduced. In 2014, Ferrari announced the second generation of the model, named California T powered by a new twin-turbo 3.9-litre V8. The car revives the name used on the late-1950s Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder and the 1960s Ferrari America#365 California, 365 California. The modern California (2008) was originally introduced as an entry-level model; however, it included many new design innovations from Ferrari. The original base price of the California was similar to the base pri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ferrari
Ferrari S.p.A. (; ) is an Italian luxury sports car manufacturer based in Maranello. Founded in 1939 by Enzo Ferrari (1898–1988), the company built Auto Avio Costruzioni 815, its first car in 1940, adopted its current name in 1945, and began to produce its current line of road cars in 1947. Ferrari became a public company in 1960, and from 1963 to 2014 it was a subsidiary of Fiat S.p.A. It was Corporate spin-off, spun off from Fiat's successor entity, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, in 2016. The company currently offers a large model range which includes several supercars, grand tourers, and one SUV. Many early Ferraris, dating to the 1950s and 1960s, count among the List of most expensive cars sold at auction, most expensive cars ever sold at auction. Throughout History of Ferrari, its history, the company has been noted for its continued participation in Auto racing, racing, especially in Formula One, where its team, Scuderia Ferrari, is the series' single oldest and most su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ken Okuyama
is a Japanese industrial designer. He is the owner of the Ken Okuyama Design company. Okuyama formerly worked for Pininfarina, designing and supervising projects such as the Enzo Ferrari and Ferrari P4/5. Career Okuyama graduated in 1986 from the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California. For the next three years he was a visiting professor at Tohoku University of Art and Design. In 1991, he returned to teach part-time at the Art Center College of Design. Between 2000 and 2004, he was Chair of the Transportation Design Department at the college, but in 2004 he was offered a job at Pininfarina. Okuyama worked for General Motors and Porsche, helping design the new generation of the Porsche 911 (aka 996) as well as the Boxster. Before moving to Pininfarina, he worked for General Motors in the Advanced Concepts Center in California. There he worked on the design for the fourth generation Chevrolet Camaro among other projects. On 10 May 2004, Ken Okuyama began work as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forced Induction
In an internal combustion engine, forced induction is where turbocharging or supercharging is used to increase the density of the intake air. Engines without forced induction are classified as naturally aspirated. Operating principle Overview Forced induction is often used to increase the power output of an engine. This is achieved by compressing the intake air, to increase the mass of the air-fuel mixture present within the combustion chamber. A naturally aspirated engine is limited to a maximum intake air pressure equal to its surrounding atmosphere; however a forced induction engine produces "boost", whereby the air pressure is higher than the surrounding atmosphere. Since the density of air increases with pressure, this allows a greater mass of air to enter the combustion chamber. Theoretically, the vapour power cycle analysis of the second law of thermodynamics would suggest that increasing the mean effective pressure within the combustion chamber would also incre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Bosch GmbH
Robert Bosch GmbH (; ), commonly known as Bosch (styled BOSCH), is a German multinational engineering and technology company headquartered in Gerlingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The company was founded by Robert Bosch in Stuttgart in 1886. Bosch is 94% owned by the Robert Bosch Stiftung, a charitable institution. Although the charity is funded by owning the vast majority of shares, it has no voting rights and is involved in health and social causes unrelated to Bosch's business. Bosch's core operating areas are spread across four business sectors: mobility (hardware and software), consumer goods (including household appliances and power tools), industrial technology (including drive and control) and energy and building technology. In terms of revenue, Bosch is the largest automotive supplier. History 1886–1920 The company started in a backyard in Stuttgart-West as the (Workshop for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering) on 15 November 1886. The next ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gasoline Direct Injection
Gasoline direct injection (GDI), also known as petrol direct injection (PDI), is a fuel injection system for internal combustion engines that run on gasoline (petrol) which injects fuel directly into the combustion chamber. This is distinct from manifold injection systems, which inject fuel into the intake manifold (inlet manifold) where it mixes with the incoming airstream before reaching the combustion chamber.. The use of GDI can help increase engine efficiency and specific power output as well as reduce exhaust emissions. The first GDI engine to reach production was introduced in 1925 for a low-compression truck engine. Several German cars used a Bosch mechanical GDI system in the 1950s, however usage of the technology remained rare until an electronic GDI system was introduced in 1996 by Mitsubishi for mass-produced cars. GDI has seen rapid adoption by the automotive industry in recent years, increasing in the United States from 2.3% of production for model year 2008 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Direct Petrol Injection
Gasoline direct injection (GDI), also known as petrol direct injection (PDI), is a fuel injection system for internal combustion engines that run on gasoline (petrol) which injects fuel directly into the combustion chamber. This is distinct from manifold injection systems, which inject fuel into the intake manifold (inlet manifold) where it mixes with the incoming airstream before reaching the combustion chamber.. The use of GDI can help increase engine efficiency and specific power output as well as reduce exhaust emissions. The first GDI engine to reach production was introduced in 1925 for a low-compression truck engine. Several German cars used a Bosch mechanical GDI system in the 1950s, however usage of the technology remained rare until an electronic GDI system was introduced in 1996 by Mitsubishi for mass-produced cars. GDI has seen rapid adoption by the automotive industry in recent years, increasing in the United States from 2.3% of production for model year 2008 vehic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multi-link Suspension
A multi-link suspension is a type of independent vehicle suspension having three or more control links per wheel. These arms do not have to be of equal length, and may be angled away from their "obvious" direction. It was first introduced in the late 1960s on the Mercedes-Benz C111 and later on their W201 and W124 series. Typically each arm has a spherical joint (ball joint) or rubber bushing at each end. Consequently, they react to loads along their own length, in tension and compression, but not in bending. Some multi-links do use a trailing arm, control arm or wishbone, which has two bushings at one end. On a front suspension one of the lateral arms is replaced by the tie-rod, which connects the rack or steering box to the wheel hub. Layout In order to simplify understanding, it is usual to consider the function of the arms in each of three orthogonal planes: *Top view: The arms have to control toe/steer and lateral compliance. This needs a pair of arms longitudina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dual-clutch Transmission
A dual-clutch transmission (DCT) (sometimes referred to as a twin-clutch transmission) is a type of multi-speed motor vehicle, vehicle Transmission (mechanics), transmission system, that uses two separate clutches for odd and even gear train, gear sets. The design is often similar to two separate manual transmissions with their respective clutches contained within one housing, and working as one unit. In car and truck applications, the DCT functions as an automatic transmission, requiring no driver input to change gears. The first DCT to reach production was the ''Easidrive'' automatic transmission introduced on the Hillman_Minx#Audax_design_Hillman_Minx_(Series_I_to_Series_VI,_1956–1967), 1961 Hillman Minx mid-size car. This was followed by various eastern European tractors through the 1970s (using manual operation via a single clutch pedal), then the Porsche 962, Porsche 962 C racing car in 1985. The first DCT of the modern era was used in the 2003 Volkswagen Golf Mk4#R32 ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carrozzeria Scaglietti
Carrozzeria Scaglietti () was an Italian automobile design and coachbuilding company active in the 1950s. It was founded by Sergio Scaglietti in 1951 as an automobile repair concern, but was located across the road from Ferrari in Maranello outside Modena, Italy. Scaglietti gained Enzo Ferrari's trust and respect both through his bodywork and design skills and for providing a retreat for young Dino Ferrari. Their professional relationship began when Ferrari asked Scaglietti to repair and modify race car bodywork in the late 1940s, which was soon followed by orders for full car bodies in the early 1950s. Scaglietti and Dino Ferrari designed a 166 MM, s/n 0050M, the first Ferrari to have a "headrest" bump. This feature was subsequently used on most racing Ferraris of the 1950s and 1960s. The idea was initially despised by Enzo but championed by Dino, and 0050M's design became an overall success. The car became a prototype for the Monza range. In the mid-1950s, Scaglietti became t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chassis
A chassis (, ; plural ''chassis'' from French châssis ) is the load-bearing framework of a manufactured object, which structurally supports the object in its construction and function. An example of a chassis is a vehicle frame, the underpart of a motor vehicle, on which the body is mounted; if the running gear such as wheels and transmission, and sometimes even the driver's seat, are included, then the assembly is described as a rolling chassis. Examples Vehicles In the case of vehicles, the term ''rolling chassis'' means the frame plus the "running gear" like engine, transmission, drive shaft, differential, and suspension. The "rolling chassis" description originated from assembly production when an integrated chassis "rolled on its own tires" just before truck bodies were bolted to the frames near the end of the line. An underbody (sometimes referred to as " coachwork"), which is usually not necessary for the integrity of the structure, is built on the chassis to c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Top Gear (magazine)
''Top Gear'' is a British automobile magazine, owned by BBC Worldwide, and published under contract by Immediate Media Company. It is named after the BBC's ''Top Gear (1977 TV series), Top Gear'' television show. It was first published in October 1993 and is published monthly at a price of £5.99. As of December 2022, there have been a total of 360 issues published in the UK. The major presenters of the Top Gear (2002 TV series), rebooted television series — Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond, and James May — were regular contributors, along with the series' production staff. "Tame racing driver" The Stig also regularly features in their car tests, though one and only communicates his thoughts and feelings through the articles of others. It is Britain's leading general interest car magazine in sales terms, with over 150,000 copies distributed each month in 2012, a drop of 50,000 from 2007. Previous columnists have included former ''Top Gear'' presenters Quentin Willson, Tiff N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2008 Paris Motor Show
The 2008 Paris Motor Show took place from 4 October to 19 October 2008, in Paris expo Porte de Versailles. This edition of the Paris Motor Show featured a high number of hybrid and electric vehicles (EVs), that led a blogger with ''The New York Times'' to ask, "Who killed the non-electric cars?". Concept cars * Audi A1 Sportback * BMW X1 (E84) * BMW 7 Series ActiveHybrid * Chevrolet Orlando * GT by Citroën * Citroën C-Cactus Hybrid * Citroën Hypnos * Honda Insight#Second generation, Honda Insight * Lada Revolution, Lada Revolution III * Lamborghini Estoque * Lexus LF-Xh * Maserati GranTurismo MC * Mazda Kiyora * Mercedes-Benz ConceptFASCINATION * MINI Crossover * Nissan Nuvu * Optimal Energy Joule * Peugeot Prologue * Peugeot RC * Pininfarina B0 * Renault Ondelios * Renault Z.E. * Saab 9-X Air BioHybrid * SsangYong C200 Production cars * Aston Martin One-77 * Audi RS6 * Audi S4 * Bentley Arnage#Final series, Bentley Arnage Final Edition * BMW 3 Series BMW E90, E90 mid-l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
