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Ethyl Tert-butyl Ether
Ethyl ''tertiary''-butyl ether (ETBE), also known as ethyl ''tert''-butyl ether, is commonly used as an oxygenate gasoline additive in the production of gasoline from crude oil. ETBE offers equal or greater air quality benefits than ethanol, while being technically and logistically less challenging. Unlike ethanol, ETBE does not induce evaporation of gasoline, which is one of the causes of smog, and does not absorb moisture from the atmosphere. Production Ethyl tert-butyl ether is manufactured industrially by the acidic etherification of isobutylene with ethanol at a temperature of 30–110 °C and a pressure of 0,8–1,3 MPa. The reaction is carried out with an acidic ion-exchange resin as a catalyst. Suitable reactors are fixed-bed reactors such as tube bundle or circulation reactors in which the reflux can be cooled optionally. Ethanol, produced by fermentation and distillation, is more expensive than methanol, which is derived from natural gas. There ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxygenate
In the liquid fuel industry, oxygenates are hydrocarbon-derived fuel additives containing at least one oxygen atom to promote complete combustion. Absent oxygenates, fuel combustion is usually incomplete, and the exhaust stream pollutes the air with carbon monoxide, soot particles, aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and nitrated polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The most common oxygenates are either alcohols or ethers, but ketones and aldehydes are also included in this distinction. Carboxylic acids and esters can be grouped with oxygenates in the simple definition that they contain at least one oxygen atom. However, they are usually unwanted in oils, and therefore likely fuels, due to their environmental toxicity and tendency to cause catalyst poisoning and corrosion during oil production and refining. * Alcohols: ** Methanol (MeOH) ** Ethanol (EtOH); see also Common ethanol fuel mixtures ** Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) ** ''n''-Butanol (BuOH) ** Gasoline grade ''tert''-buta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methanol
Methanol (also called methyl alcohol and wood spirit, amongst other names) is an organic chemical compound and the simplest aliphatic Alcohol (chemistry), alcohol, with the chemical formula (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated as MeOH). It is a light, Volatility (chemistry), volatile, colorless and flammable liquid with a distinctive alcoholic odor similar to that of ethanol (potable alcohol), but is more acutely toxic than the latter. Methanol acquired the name wood alcohol because it was once produced through destructive distillation of wood. Today, methanol is mainly produced industrially by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide. Methanol consists of a methyl group linked to a polar hydroxyl group. With more than 20 million tons produced annually, it is used as a Precursor (chemistry), precursor to other commodity chemicals, including formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl tert-butyl ether, methyl ''tert''-butyl ether, methyl benzoate, anisole, peroxyacids, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ether Solvents
In organic chemistry, ethers are a class of organic compound, compounds that contain an ether functional group, group, a single oxygen atom bonded to two separate carbon atoms, each part of an organyl group (e.g., alkyl or aryl). They have the general formula , where R and R′ represent the organyl groups. Ethers can again be classified into two varieties: if the organyl groups are the same on both sides of the oxygen atom, then it is a simple or symmetrical ether, whereas if they are different, the ethers are called mixed or unsymmetrical ethers. A typical example of the first group is the solvent and anaesthetic diethyl ether, commonly referred to simply as "ether" (). Ethers are common in organic chemistry and even more prevalent in biochemistry, as they are common linkages in carbohydrates and lignin. Structure and bonding Ethers feature bent linkages. In dimethyl ether, the Molecular geometry#Bonding, bond angle is 111° and C–O distances are 141 Picometre, pm. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dialkyl Ethers
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Commodity Chemicals
Commodity chemicals (or bulk commodities or bulk chemicals) are a group of chemicals that are made on a very large scale to satisfy global markets. The average prices of commodity chemicals are regularly published in the chemical trade magazines and web sites such aChemical WeekanICIS There have been several studies of the scale and complexity of this market for example in the USA. Commodity chemicals are a sub-sector of the chemical industry (other sub sectors are fine chemicals, specialty chemicals, inorganic chemicals, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, renewable energy (e.g. biofuels) and materials (e.g. biopolymers)). Commodity chemicals are differentiated primarily by the bulk of their manufacture. Types Chemical compounds are often classified into two classes, inorganic and organic. Inorganic chemicals * aluminium sulfate * ammonia * ammonium nitrate * ammonium sulfate * carbon black * chlorine * diammonium phosphate * monoammonium phosphate * hydrochloric acid * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Gasoline Additives
Gasoline additives may increase gasoline's octane rating, thus allowing the use of higher compression ratios for greater efficiency and power, or act as corrosion inhibitors or lubricants. Other additives include metal deactivators, oxygenates and antioxidants. Some additives are harmful and are regulated or banned in some countries. Fictional additives *Sugar, as seen in ''The Passionate Stranger'' (1957) and List of common misconceptions, popularly believed to damage the engine. Additives *Oxygenates ** Alcohol (chemistry), Alcohols: *** Methanol (MeOH) *** Ethanol (EtOH); see also common ethanol fuel mixtures *** Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) *** n-Butanol, ''n''-butanol (BuOH) *** Gasoline grade tert-Butanol, ''t''-butanol (GTBA) ** Ethers: *** Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), now outlawed in many states of the United States, U.S. for road use because of Methyl tert-butyl ether controversy, water contamination. *** Tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) *** Tertiary hexyl methyl ether (TH ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetraethyllead
Tetraethyllead (commonly styled tetraethyl lead), abbreviated TEL, is an organolead compound with the formula lead, Pb(ethyl group, C2H5)4. It was widely used as a fuel additive for much of the 20th century, first being mixed with gasoline beginning in the 1920s. This "leaded gasoline" had an increased octane rating that allowed Compression ratio, engine compression to be raised substantially and in turn increased vehicle performance and fuel economy. TEL was first chemical synthesis, synthesized by German chemist Carl Jacob Löwig in 1853. American chemical engineer Thomas Midgley Jr., who was working for the U.S. corporation General Motors, was the first to discover its effectiveness as an Antiknock agent, knock inhibitor on December 9th, 1921, after spending six years attempting to find an antiknock agent, additive that was both highly effective and inexpensive. Of the some 33,000 substances in total screened, lead was found to be the most effective antiknock agent, in that i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tert-Amyl Methyl Ether
''tert''-Amyl methyl ether (TAME) is an ether used as a fuel oxygenate. TAME derives from C5 distillation fractions of naphtha. It has an ethereous odor. Unlike most ethers, it does not require a stabilizer as it does not form peroxides on storage. Other names: * 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane * Butane, 2-methoxy-2-methyl- * 1,1-Dimethylpropyl methyl ether * Methyl tert-pentyl ether * Methyl tert-Amyl ether * 2-Methyl-2-methoxybutane * Methyl 2-methyl-2-butyl ether * tert-Pentyl methyl ether * Tertiary amyl methyl ether * Methyl 1,1-dimethylpropyl ether * 2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane Uses TAME is mostly used as an oxygenate to gasoline. It is added for three reasons: to increase octane enhancement, to replace banned tetraethyl lead, and to raise the oxygen content in gasoline. It is known that TAME in fuel reduces exhaust emissions of some volatile organic compounds. TAME is also used as a solvent in organic synthesis as a more environmentally friendly alternative to some ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methyl Tert-butyl Ether
Methyl ''tert''-butyl ether (MTBE), also known as ''tert''-butyl methyl ether, is an organic compound with a structural formula (CH3)3COCH3. MTBE is a volatile, flammable, and colorless liquid that is sparingly soluble in water. Primarily used as a fuel additive, MTBE is blended into gasoline to increase its octane rating and knock resistance, and reduce unwanted emissions. Production and properties MTBE is manufactured via the chemical reaction of methanol and isobutylene. Methanol is primarily derived from natural gas, where steam reforming converts the various light hydrocarbons in natural gas (primarily methane) into carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The resulting gases then further react in the presence of a catalyst to form methanol. Isobutylene can be produced through a variety of methods. ''n''-butane can be isomerized into isobutane which can be dehydrogenated to isobutylene. In the Halcon process, ''t''-Butyl hydroperoxide derived from isobutane oxygenation is tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MTBE
Methyl ''tert''-butyl ether (MTBE), also known as ''tert''-butyl methyl ether, is an organic compound with a structural formula (CH3)3COCH3. MTBE is a volatile, flammable, and colorless liquid that is sparingly soluble in water. Primarily used as a fuel additive, MTBE is blended into gasoline to increase its octane rating and knock resistance, and reduce unwanted emissions. Production and properties MTBE is manufactured via the chemical reaction of methanol and isobutylene. Methanol is primarily derived from natural gas, where steam reforming converts the various light hydrocarbons in natural gas (primarily methane) into carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The resulting gases then further react in the presence of a catalyst to form methanol. Isobutylene can be produced through a variety of methods. ''n''-butane can be isomerized into isobutane which can be dehydrogenated to isobutylene. In the Halcon process, ''t''-Butyl hydroperoxide derived from isobutane oxygenation is treated w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethanol
Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an Alcohol (chemistry), alcohol, with its formula also written as , or EtOH, where Et is the pseudoelement symbol for ethyl group, ethyl. Ethanol is a Volatility (chemistry), volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a characteristic wine-like odor and pungent taste. As a psychoactive depressant, it is the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages, and the second most consumed drug globally behind caffeine. Ethanol is naturally produced by the fermentation process of sugars by yeasts or via petrochemical processes such as ethylene hydration. Historically it was used as a general anesthetic, and has modern medical applications as an antiseptic, disinfectant, solvent for some medications, and antidote for methanol poisoning and ethylene glycol poisoning. It is used as a chemical solvent and in the Chemical synthesis, synthesis of orga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
