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Epilepsy Surgery
Epilepsy surgery involves a neurosurgery, neurosurgical procedure where an area of the brain involved in seizures is either resected, ablative brain surgery, ablated, disconnected or stimulated. The goal is to eliminate seizures or significantly reduce seizure burden. Approximately 60% of all people with epilepsy (0.4% of the population of industrialized countries) have focal epilepsy syndromes. In 20% to 30% of these patients, the condition is not adequately controlled with adequate trials of two Anticonvulsant, anticonvulsive drugs, termed drug resistant epilepsy, or refractory epilepsy. Such patients are potential candidates for surgical epilepsy treatment. First line therapy for epilepsy involves treatment with anticonvulsive drugs, also called antiepileptic drugs– most patients will respond to trials of one or two different medications. The goal of treatment is the elimination of seizures, since uncontrolled seizures carry significant risks, including injury and sudden une ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neurology
Neurology (from , "string, nerve" and the suffix wikt:-logia, -logia, "study of") is the branch of specialty (medicine) , medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the nervous system, which comprises the Human brain, brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system , peripheral nerves. Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of neuroscience, the scientific study of the nervous system, using various techniques of neurotherapy. IEEE Brain (2019). "Neurotherapy: Treating Disorders by Retraining the Brain". ''The Future Neural Therapeutics White Paper''. Retrieved 23.01.2025 from: https://brain.ieee.org/topics/neurotherapy-treating-disorders-by-retraining-the-brain/#:~:text=Neurotherapy%20trains%20a%20patient's%20brain,wave%20activity%20through%20positive%20reinforcement International Neuromodulation Society, Retrieved 23 January 2025 from: https://www.neuromodulation.com/ Val Danilov I (2023). "The O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT, or less commonly, SPET) is a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays. It is very similar to conventional nuclear medicine planar imaging using a gamma camera (that is, scintigraphy), but is able to provide true 3D information. This information is typically presented as cross-sectional slices through the patient, but can be freely reformatted or manipulated as required. The technique needs delivery of a gamma-emitting radioisotope (a radionuclide) into the patient, normally through injection into the bloodstream. On occasion, the radioisotope is a simple soluble dissolved ion, such as an isotope of gallium(III). Usually, however, a marker radioisotope is attached to a specific ligand to create a radioligand, whose properties bind it to certain types of tissues. This marriage allows the combination of ligand and radiopharmaceutical to be carried and bound to a place of interest in the body, where the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homonymous Hemianopia
In linguistics, homonyms are words which are either; '' homographs''—words that mean different things, but have the same spelling (regardless of pronunciation), or '' homophones''—words that mean different things, but have the same pronunciation (regardless of spelling). Using this definition, the words ''row'' (propel with oars), ''row'' (a linear arrangement) and ''row'' (an argument) are homonyms because they are homographs (though only the first two are homophones); so are the words ''see'' (vision) and ''sea'' (body of water), because they are homophones (though not homographs). A more restrictive and technical definition requires that homonyms be simultaneously homographs ''and'' homophoneshomonym ''Random House Unabridged Dictionary'' at dictionary.com—that is, they have identical spelling ''and'' pronunciation but different mea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rasmussen's Encephalitis
Rasmussen syndrome, also known as Rasmussen's encephalitis, is a rare progressive autoimmune Neurology, neurological disease. It is characterized by frequent and severe Focal seizure, focal seizures, progressive neurological decline, hemiparesis (weakness on one side of the body), encephalitis, and unilateral cerebral atrophy. The disease primarily affects children under the age of 15, though adult cases have been reported. Originally described as a form of chronic focal motor epilepsy by Dr. Aleksei Kozhevnikov, A. Ya. Kozhevnikov in the 1880s and separately identified as focal seizures due to chronic localized encephalitis in the 1950s by Dr. Theodore Rasmussen. It is now classified to be a cytotoxic T-cell–mediated encephalitis. Signs and symptoms The hallmark symptoms are focal seizures, particularly Epilepsia partialis continua, Epilepsia Partialis Continua (EPC) a form of epilepsy characterized by continuous or near-continuous clonic movements in a localized body part. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Functional Disconnection
Functional disconnection is the disintegrated function in the brain in the absence of anatomical damage, in distinction to physical disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres by surgical resection, trauma or lesion. Applications have included alexia without agraphia dyslexia, persistent vegetative state and minimally conscious state as well as autistic spectrum disorders. Functional disconnection itself is not a medically recognized condition. It is a theoretical concept used to facilitate research into the causes and symptoms within recognized conditions. History In 1977, Witleson reported that developmental dyslexia may be associated with (i) bi-hemisphere representation of spatial functions, in contrast to the unitary right hemisphere control of these functions observed in normal individuals. The bilateral neural involvement in spatial processing may interfere with the left hemisphere's processing of its own specialized functions and result in deficient linguistic, seque ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hemispherectomy
Hemispherectomy is a surgery that is performed by a Neurosurgery, neurosurgeon where an unhealthy Cerebral hemisphere, hemisphere of the brain is disconnected or removed. There are two types of hemispherectomy. ''Functional'' ''hemispherectomy'' refers to when the diseased brain is simply disconnected so that it can no longer send signals to the rest of the brain and body. ''Anatomical hemispherectomy'' refers to when not only is there disconnection, but also the diseased brain is physically removed from the skull. This surgery is mostly used as a treatment for medically intractable epilepsy, which is the term used when Anticonvulsant, anti-seizure medications are unable to control seizures. History The first anatomical hemispherectomy was performed and described in 1928 by Walter Dandy. This was done as an attempt to treat glioma, a brain tumor. The first known anatomical hemispherectomy performed as a treatment for intractable epilepsy was in 1938 by Kenneth McKenzie, a Canadi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Callosotomy
A corpus callosotomy () is a palliative surgical procedure for the treatment of medically refractory epilepsy. The procedure was first performed in 1940 by William P. van Wagenen. In this procedure, the corpus callosum is cut through, in an effort to limit the spread of epileptic activity between the two halves of the brain. Although the corpus callosum is the largest white matter tract connecting the hemispheres, some limited interhemispheric communication is still possible via the anterior and posterior commissures. After the operation, however, the brain often struggles to send messages between hemispheres, which can lead to side effects such as speech irregularities, disconnection syndrome, and alien hand syndrome. History The first instances of corpus callosotomy were performed in the 1940s by William P. van Wagenen, who co-founded and served as president of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Attempting to treat epilepsy, van Wagenen studied and publi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electrocorticography
Electrocorticography (ECoG), a type of intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG), is a type of electrophysiological monitoring that uses electrodes placed directly on the exposed surface of the brain to record electrical activity from the cerebral cortex. In contrast, conventional electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes monitor this activity from outside the skull. ECoG may be performed either in the operating room during surgery (intraoperative ECoG) or outside of surgery (extraoperative ECoG). Because a craniotomy (a surgical incision into the skull) is required to implant the electrode grid, ECoG is an invasive procedure. History ECoG was pioneered in the early 1950s by Wilder Penfield and Herbert Jasper, neurosurgeons at the Montreal Neurological Institute. The two developed ECoG as part of their groundbreakinMontreal procedure a surgical protocol used to treat patients with severe epilepsy. The cortical potentials recorded by ECoG were used to identify epileptogen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brain Mapping
Brain mapping is a set of neuroscience techniques predicated on the mapping of (biological) quantities or properties onto spatial representations of the (human or non-human) brain resulting in maps. According to the definition established in 2013 by Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), brain mapping is specifically defined, in summary, as the study of the anatomy and function of the brain and spinal cord through the use of neuroimaging, imaging, immunohistochemistry, molecular genetics, molecular & optogenetics, stem cell and cellular biology, engineering, neurophysiology and nanotechnology. In 2024, a team of 287 researchers completed a full brain mapping of an adult animal (a ''Drosophila melanogaster'', or fruit fly) and published their results in Nature (journal), ''Nature''. Overview All neuroimaging is considered part of brain mapping. Brain mapping can be conceived as a higher form of neuroimaging, producing brain images supplemented by the result of add ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Long-term Video-EEG Monitoring
Long-term or "continuous" video-electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring is a Medical test#Diagnostic, diagnostic technique commonly used in patients with epilepsy. It involves the long-term hospitalization of the patient, typically for days or weeks, during which brain waves are recorded via Electroencephalography, EEG and physical actions are continuously monitored by video. In epileptic patients, this technique is typically used to capture brain activity during Epileptic seizure, seizures. The information gathered can be used for initial prognosis or long-term care management. History Like standard EEG-testing, long-term video-EEG monitoring techniques developed from techniques in 1875 by Richard Caton in Liverpool. In 1890, his work was expanded upon by Adolf Beck (physiologist), Adolf Beck as developments to the technique were enhanced through animal studies of rhythmic oscillations in the brain due to light stimuli. In these studies, electrodes were placed directly on the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wada Test
The Wada test, also known as the intracarotid sodium amobarbital procedure (ISAP) or Wada-Milner Test, establishes cerebral language and memory representation of each hemisphere. Method Medical professionals conduct the test with the patient awake. A barbiturate, usually sodium amobarbital, is introduced into one of the internal carotid arteries via a cannula or intra-arterial catheter from the femoral artery. The drug is injected into one hemisphere at a time through the right or left internal carotid artery. If the right carotid is injected, the right side of the brain is inhibited and cannot communicate with the left side. The effect shuts down any language and/or memory function in that hemisphere in order to evaluate the other hemisphere. An EEG recording at the same time confirms that the injected side of the brain is inactive as a neurologist performs a neurological examination. The neurologist engages the patient in a series of language and memory related tests. They ev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intracarotid Sodium Amobarbital Test
The Wada test, also known as the intracarotid sodium amobarbital procedure (ISAP) or Wada-Milner Test, establishes cerebral language and memory representation of each hemisphere. Method Medical professionals conduct the test with the patient awake. A barbiturate, usually sodium amobarbital, is introduced into one of the internal carotid arteries via a cannula or intra-arterial catheter from the femoral artery. The drug is injected into one hemisphere at a time through the right or left internal carotid artery. If the right carotid is injected, the right side of the brain is inhibited and cannot communicate with the left side. The effect shuts down any language and/or memory function in that hemisphere in order to evaluate the other hemisphere. An EEG recording at the same time confirms that the injected side of the brain is inactive as a neurologist performs a neurological examination. The neurologist engages the patient in a series of language and memory related tests. They evalu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
