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Eperythrozoon Coccoides
''Eperythrozoon'' is a genus of bacteria in the family Mycoplasmoidaceae. Members of this family live inside red blood cells and are largely unculturable. As a result, many species are ''Candidatus''. Under the old understanding of this genus as a phylogenetically divergent group under ''Mycoplasma'', the included bacteria are also known as hemoplasmas or hemotrophic mycoplasmas. Taxonomy The members of this genus have variously been named under ''Eperythrozoon'', ''Haemobartonella'' (before that, ''Bartonella''), and ''Mycoplasma''. When they were under ''Mycoplasma'', most species had a specific epithet starting with ''hemo'' or ''haemo'' (meaning "blood"), giving them the informal name "hemoplasmas" or "hemotrophic mycoplasmas". The merge into ''Mycoplasma'' is now known to be misguided and resulted in a polyphyletic ''Mycoplasma''. The current circumscription of the genus is by Gupta et al. (2018). According to LPSN, several renames in Gupta et al. (2018) have not yet been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycoplasmoidaceae
Mycoplasmoidaceae is a family of bacteria under the order Mycoplasmoidales. It contains the genera '' Eperythrozoon'', '' Malacoplasma'', '' Mycoplasmoides'', and ''Ureaplasma''. Members infect animals, including humans. Before 2018, they were known as the "pneumoniae group" of ''Mycoplasma''. Many species are sexually transmitted and cause pelvic inflammatory disease. Genera ''Eperythrozoon'' This genus includes the so-called "hemoplasmas", the uncultivated organisms that parasitise their hosts by adhering to erythrocytes. ''Mycoplasmoides'' This genus contains important human pathogens such as '' Mycoplasmoides genitalium'' and ''Mycoplasmoides pneumoniae''. ''Malacoplsma'' This genus contains '' Malacoplasma penetrans'', a known human pathogen. ''Ureaplasma'' As the name implies, ureaplasma is urease positive. This genera is distinct from other genera in Mollicutes in that it hydrolyses urea for generation of ATP. ''Ureaplasma'' ''spp.'' as human pathogens Both '' U ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eperythrozoon Haemominutum
''Eperythrozoon'' is a genus of bacteria in the family Mycoplasmoidaceae. Members of this family live inside red blood cells and are largely unculturable. As a result, many species are ''Candidatus''. Under the old understanding of this genus as a phylogenetically divergent group under ''Mycoplasma'', the included bacteria are also known as hemoplasmas or hemotrophic mycoplasmas. Taxonomy The members of this genus have variously been named under ''Eperythrozoon'', ''Haemobartonella'' (before that, ''Bartonella''), and ''Mycoplasma''. When they were under ''Mycoplasma'', most species had a specific epithet starting with ''hemo'' or ''haemo'' (meaning "blood"), giving them the informal name "hemoplasmas" or "hemotrophic mycoplasmas". The merge into ''Mycoplasma'' is now known to be misguided and resulted in a polyphyletic ''Mycoplasma''. The current circumscription of the genus is by Gupta et al. (2018). According to LPSN, several renames in Gupta et al. (2018) have not yet been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
'The All-Species Living Tree' Project
The All-Species Living Tree' Project is a collaboration between various academic groups/institutes, such as ARB, SILVA rRNA database project, and LPSN, with the aim of assembling a database of 16S rRNA sequences of all validly published species of ''Bacteria'' and ''Archaea''. At one stage, 23S sequences were also collected, but this has since stopped. Currently there are over 10,950 species in the aligned dataset and several more are being added either as new species are discovered or species that are not represented in the database are sequenced. Initially the latter group consisted of 7% of species. Similar (and more recent) projects include the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea (GEBA), which focused on whole genome sequencing of bacteria and archaea. Tree The tree was created by maximum likelihood analysis without bootstrap: consequently accuracy is traded off for size and many phylum level clades are not correctly resolved (such as the Firmicutes). (Eukaryotes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mollicutes
Mollicutes is a class of bacteria distinguished by the absence of a cell wall and its peptidoglycan. The word "Mollicutes" is derived from the Latin ' (meaning "soft" or "pliable"), and ' (meaning "skin"). Individuals are very small, typically only 0.2–0.3 micrometre, μm (200–300 nanometer, nm) in size and have a very small genome size. They vary in form, although most have sterols that make the cell membrane somewhat more rigid. Many are able to move about through bacterial gliding, gliding, but members of the genus ''Spiroplasma'' are helical and move by twisting. The best-known genus in the Mollicutes is ''Mycoplasma'', though it has been split in 2018 into several genera. Colonies show the typical "fried-egg" appearance. Mollicutes can be parasitic or saprotrophic. They can be parasites of various animals and plants, living on or in the host's cells. Many cause diseases in humans, attaching to cells in the respiratory or urogenital tracts, particularly species of ''Mycopl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetracycline
Tetracycline, sold under various brand names, is an antibiotic in the tetracyclines family of medications, used to treat a number of infections, including acne, cholera, brucellosis, plague, malaria, and syphilis. It is available in oral and topical formulations. Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and loss of appetite. Other side effects include poor tooth development if used by children less than eight years of age, kidney problems, and sunburning easily. Use during pregnancy may harm the baby. It works by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria. Tetracycline was patented in 1953 and was approved for prescription use in 1954. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Tetracycline is available as a generic medication. Tetracycline was originally made from bacteria of the genus ''Streptomyces''. Medical uses Spectrum of activity Tetracyclines have a broad spectrum of antibiotic action. Originally, they possessed some lev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Specific Epithet
In Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammar, Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (often shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen, name, or a scientific name; more informally, it is also called a Latin name. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), the system is also called nomenclature, with an "n" before the "al" in "binominal", which is a typographic error, meaning "two-name naming system". The first part of the name – the ''generic name (biology), generic name'' – identifies the genus to which the species belongs, whereas the second part – the specific name or specific epithet – distinguishes the species within the genus. For example, modern humans belong to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jaundice
Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or, less frequently, greenish pigmentation of the skin and sclera due to high bilirubin levels. Jaundice in adults is typically a sign indicating the presence of underlying diseases involving abnormal heme metabolism, liver dysfunction, or biliary-tract obstruction. The prevalence of jaundice in adults is rare, while jaundice in babies is common, with an estimated 80% affected during their first week of life. The most commonly associated symptoms of jaundice are itchiness, pale feces, and dark urine. Normal levels of bilirubin in blood are below 1.0 mg/ dl (17 μmol/ L), while levels over 2–3 mg/dl (34–51 μmol/L) typically result in jaundice. High blood bilirubin is divided into two types: unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin. Causes of jaundice vary from relatively benign to potentially fatal. High unconjugated bilirubin may be due to excess red blood cell breakdown, large bruises, gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hemolytic Anemia
Hemolytic anemia or haemolytic anaemia is a form of anemia due to hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs), either in the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis) or elsewhere in the human body (extravascular). This most commonly occurs within the spleen, but also can occur in the reticuloendothelial system or mechanically (prosthetic valve damage). Hemolytic anemia accounts for 5% of all existing anemias. It has numerous possible consequences, ranging from general symptoms to life-threatening systemic effects. The general classification of hemolytic anemia is either intrinsic or extrinsic. Treatment depends on the type and cause of the hemolytic anemia. Symptoms of hemolytic anemia are similar to other forms of anemia (fatigue and shortness of breath), but in addition, the breakdown of red cells leads to jaundice and increases the risk of particular long-term complications, such as gallstones and pulmonary hypertension. Signs and symptoms Symptoms of hemolytic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eperythrozoon Wenyonii
''Eperythrozoon'' is a genus of bacteria in the family Mycoplasmoidaceae. Members of this family live inside red blood cells and are largely unculturable. As a result, many species are ''Candidatus''. Under the old understanding of this genus as a phylogenetically divergent group under ''Mycoplasma'', the included bacteria are also known as hemoplasmas or hemotrophic mycoplasmas. Taxonomy The members of this genus have variously been named under ''Eperythrozoon'', ''Haemobartonella'' (before that, ''Bartonella''), and ''Mycoplasma''. When they were under ''Mycoplasma'', most species had a specific epithet starting with ''hemo'' or ''haemo'' (meaning "blood"), giving them the informal name "hemoplasmas" or "hemotrophic mycoplasmas". The merge into ''Mycoplasma'' is now known to be misguided and resulted in a polyphyletic ''Mycoplasma''. The current circumscription of the genus is by Gupta et al. (2018). According to LPSN, several renames in Gupta et al. (2018) have not yet been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
