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Endogenous Anesthetic
Endogenous anesthetics are analogs of anesthetics the body makes that have the properties and similar mode of action of general anesthetics. Types of endogenous anesthetics Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an abundant gas produced as the final product of glucose metabolism in animals. CO2 anesthesia is most frequently used for anesthetizing flies. But it has also been considered as a fast acting anesthetic in small laboratory animals and in humans. In the 1900s, CO2 anesthesia, known as CO2 therapy was used by psychiatrists for the treatment of anxiety. The patients would receive 70% CO2 in combination with 30% oxygen causing rapid and reversible loss of continuousness. Ammonia Ammonia has also been shown to have anesthetic properties. It is released during protein catabolism, and its presence reduced the requirement for inhaled anesthetics. Whether the endogenous release of the ammonia is contributing to an anesthetic effect in vivo has not yet been established. Mechanism ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalent bond, covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in a gas state at room temperature and at normally-encountered concentrations it is odorless. As the source of carbon in the carbon cycle, atmospheric is the primary carbon source for life on Earth. In the air, carbon dioxide is transparent to visible light but absorbs infrared, infrared radiation, acting as a greenhouse gas. Carbon dioxide is soluble in water and is found in groundwater, lakes, ice caps, and seawater. It is a trace gas Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, in Earth's atmosphere at 421 parts per million (ppm), or about 0.042% (as of May 2022) having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm or about 0.028%. Burning fossil fuels is the main cause of these increased concentrations, which are the primary cause of climate change.IPCC (2022Summary for pol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catabolism
Catabolism () is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions. Catabolism breaks down large molecules (such as polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins) into smaller units (such as monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids, respectively). Catabolism is the breaking-down aspect of metabolism, whereas anabolism is the building-up aspect. Cells use the monomers released from breaking down polymers to either construct new polymer molecules or degrade the monomers further to simple waste products, releasing energy. Cellular wastes include lactic acid, acetic acid, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and urea. The formation of these wastes is usually an oxidation process involving a release of chemical free energy, some of which is lost as heat, but the rest of which is used to drive the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This molecule acts as a way ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Membrane-mediated Anesthesia
Membrane-mediated anesthesia or anaesthesia (UK) is a mechanism of action that involves an anesthetic agent exerting its pharmaceutical effects primarily through interaction with the lipid bilayer membrane. The relationship between volatile ( inhalable) general anesthetics and the cellular lipid membrane has been well established since around 1900, based on the Meyer-Overton Correlation. Since 1900 there have been extensive research efforts to characterize these membrane-mediated effects of anesthesia, leading to many theories, but only recently did research experimentaly demonstrated a promising mechanism of membrane- mediated anesthetic action for both general and Local anesthetics. These studies suggest that the anesthetic binding site in the membrane is within ordered lipids. This binding disrupts the function of the ordered lipids, forming lipid rafts that dislodge a membrane-bound phospholipase involved in a metabolic pathway that actives anesthetic-sensitive potassium c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General Anesthesia
General anaesthesia (UK) or general anesthesia (US) is medically induced loss of consciousness that renders a patient unarousable even by painful stimuli. It is achieved through medications, which can be injected or inhaled, often with an analgesic and neuromuscular blocking agent. General anaesthesia is usually performed in an operating theatre to allow surgical procedures that would otherwise be intolerably painful for a patient, or in an intensive care unit or emergency department to facilitate endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. Depending on the procedure, general anaesthesia may be optional or required. No matter whether the patient prefers to be unconscious or not, certain pain stimulus, pain stimuli can lead to involuntary responses from the patient, such as movement or muscle contractions, that make the operation extremely difficult. Thus, for many procedures, general anaesthesia is necessary from a practical point of view. The p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henry Hill Hickman
Henry Hill Hickman (born Henry Hickman) (27 January 1800 – 2 April 1830) was an English physician and promoter of anaesthesia. Life He was born to tenant farmers at Lady Halton, (near Bromfield, Shropshire, Bromfield, just outside Ludlow, Shropshire). He was the third son and fifth child of thirteen children of John Hickman and his wife Sarah, daughter of Benjamin Hill of nearby Stanton Lacy. He was baptised on 30 January 1800 at Bromfield as plain Henry Hickman but began using Hill as his middle name in 1819. After an apprenticeship to a surgeon known only through surviving notebooks, which included attendance at a private London anatomy school, he began his medical training at the Edinburgh Medical School, aged 19, in 1819 and left without a degree in 1820, which was normal at the time. He was admitted as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, Royal College of Surgeons in London in 1820. After qualifying, he began his medical career in 1821, with his first ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
