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Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie
Emmanuel Bernard Le Roy Ladurie (, 19 July 1929 – 22 November 2023) was a French historian whose work was mainly focused upon Languedoc in the ''Ancien Régime'', particularly the history of the peasantry. One of the leading historians of France, Le Roy Ladurie has been called the "standard-bearer" of the third generation of the ''Annales'' school and the "rock star of the medievalists", noted for his work in social history.Huges-Warrington, Marnie, ''Fifty Key Thinkers on History'', London: Routledge, 2000 page 194. Early life and career Le Roy Ladurie was born in Les Moutiers-en-Cinglais, Calvados. His father was Jacques Le Roy Ladurie, who would become minister of Agriculture for Marshal Philippe Pétain and subsequently a member of the French Resistance after breaking with the Vichy regime. Le Roy Ladurie described his childhood in Normandy growing up on his family estate in the countryside as intensely Catholic and royalist in politics. The Le Roy Ladurie family were o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Les Moutiers-en-Cinglais
Les Moutiers-en-Cinglais () is a commune in the department of Calvados in the Normandy region in northwestern France. Geography The commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande. The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, La Bagotière, L'Église, La Couture and Les Moutiers-en-Cinglais. The River Orne plus three streams The Neumer, The Trois Cours, and La Grande Vallee are the four watercourses running through the commune. Population Points of interest National heritage sites *Château de Villeray is an eighteenth century chateau which was listed as a monument in 2005. Notable People * Jacques Le Roy Ladurie - (1902 – 1988) agriculturalist and politician is buried here. *Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie - (1929 – 2023) French historian, was born here. * Roger Fauroux - (1926 - 2021) French politician and civil servant who served as Minister of Industry and Regional Planning from 1988 to 1991 is buried here. See also *Communes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Resistance
The French Resistance ( ) was a collection of groups that fought the German military administration in occupied France during World War II, Nazi occupation and the Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy#France, collaborationist Vichy France, Vichy regime in France during the World War II, Second World War. Resistance Clandestine cell system, cells were small groups of armed men and women (called the Maquis (World War II), Maquis in rural areas) who conducted guerrilla warfare and published Underground press, underground newspapers. They also provided first-hand intelligence information, and escape networks that helped Allies of World War II, Allied soldiers and airmen trapped behind Axis powers, Axis lines. The Resistance's men and women came from many parts of French society, including émigrés, academics, students, aristocrats, conservative Catholic Church in France, Roman Catholics (including clergy), Protestantism in France, Protestants, History of the Jews in F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikolai Bukharin
Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (; rus, Николай Иванович Бухарин, p=nʲɪkɐˈlaj ɪˈvanəvʲɪdʑ bʊˈxarʲɪn; – 15 March 1938) was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and Marxist theorist. A prominent Bolsheviks, Bolshevik described by Vladimir Lenin as a "most valuable and major theorist" of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Communist Party, Bukharin was active in the Soviet government from 1917 until his purge in 1937. Bukharin joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1906, and studied economics at Moscow State University, Moscow Imperial University. In 1910, he was arrested and internally exiled to Onega, Russia, Onega, but the following year escaped abroad, where he met Lenin and Leon Trotsky and built his reputation with works such as ''Imperialism and World Economy'' (1915). After the February Revolution of 1917, Bukharin returned to Moscow and became a leading figure in the party, and after the October Revolution became ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Darkness At Noon
''Darkness at Noon'' (, ) is a novel by Austrian-Hungarian-born novelist Arthur Koestler, first published in 1940. His best known work, it is the tale of Rubashov, an Old Bolshevik who is arrested, imprisoned, and tried for treason against the government that he helped to create. The novel is set between 1938 and 1940, after the Great Purge and Moscow show trials. Despite being based on real events, the novel does not name either Russia or the Soviet Union, Soviets, and tends to use generic terms to describe people and organizations; for example, the Soviet government is referred to as "the Party" and Nazi Germany is referred to as "the Dictatorship". Joseph Stalin is represented by "Number One", a menacing dictator. The novel expresses the author's disillusionment with Bolshevism, Stalinism, and the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union at the outset of World War II. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked ''Darkness at Noon'' number eight on its list of the Modern Li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthur Koestler
Arthur Koestler (, ; ; ; 5 September 1905 – 1 March 1983) was an Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian-born author and journalist. Koestler was born in Budapest, and was educated in Austria, apart from his early school years. In 1931, Koestler joined the Communist Party of Germany but resigned in 1938 after becoming disillusioned with Stalinism. Having moved to Britain in 1940, Koestler published his novel ''Darkness at Noon'', an anti-totalitarian work that gained him international fame. Over the next 43 years, Koestler espoused many political causes and wrote novels, memoirs, biographies, and numerous essays. In 1949, Koestler began secretly working with a British Cold War anti-communist propaganda department known as the Information Research Department (IRD), which would republish and distribute many of his works, and also fund his activities. In 1968, he was awarded the Sonning Prize "for [his] outstanding contribution to European culture". In 1972, he was made a Order of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Milice
The (French Militia), generally called (; ), was a political paramilitary organization created on 30 January 1943 by the Vichy France, Vichy régime (with Nazi Germany, German aid) to help fight against the French Resistance during World War II. The Milice's formal head was Vichy France's Prime Minister Pierre Laval (in office 1942 to 1944), although its chief of operations and ''de facto'' leader was Secretary General Joseph Darnand. The participated in summary executions and assassinations, helping to round up Jews and in France for deportation. It was the successor to Darnand's (SOL) militia (founded in 1941). The was the Vichy régime's most extreme manifestation of fascism. Ultimately, Darnand envisaged the as a fascist One-party state, single-party political movement for the État Français , French State. members frequently used torture to extract information or confessions from those whom they interrogated. The French Resistance considered the more dangerous ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raymond Poincaré
Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré (; 20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1913 to 1920, and three times as Prime Minister of France. He was a conservative leader, primarily committed to political and social stability.J. F. V. Keiger, ''Raymond Poincaré'' (Cambridge University Press, 2002) p126 Trained in law, Poincaré was elected as a Deputy in 1887 and served in the cabinets of Dupuy and Ribot. In 1902, he co-founded the Democratic Republican Alliance, the most important centre-right party under the Third Republic, becoming prime minister in 1912 and serving as President of the Republic for 1913-20. Attempting to exercise influence from a traditionally figurehead role, he visited Russia in 1912 and 1914 to repair Franco-Russian relations which were strained by the Bosnian Crisis of 1908 and the Agadir Crisis of 1911. He likewise played an important role during July Crisis of 1914 which ultimately led to France's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vichy France
Vichy France (; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was a French rump state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II, established as a result of the French capitulation after the Battle of France, defeat against Germany. It was named after its seat of government, the city of Vichy. Officially independent, but with half of its Metropolitan France, territory occupied under the harsh terms of Armistice of 22 June 1940, the 1940 armistice with Nazi Germany, it adopted Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, a policy of collaboration. Though Paris was nominally its capital, the government established itself in Vichy in the unoccupied "free zone" (). The German military administration in occupied France during World War II, occupation of France by Germany at first affected only the northern and western portions of the country. In November 1942, the Allies Operation Torch, occupied French North Africa, and in response the Germa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Communist Party
The French Communist Party (, , PCF) is a Communism, communist list of political parties in France, party in France. The PCF is a member of the Party of the European Left, and its Member of the European Parliament, MEPs sit with The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL group. The PCF was founded in 1920 by Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist members of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) who supported the Bolsheviks in the 1917 Russian Revolution. It became a member of the Communist International, and followed a Marxist-Leninist line under the leadership of Maurice Thorez. In response to the threat of fascism, the PCF joined the socialist Popular Front (France), Popular Front which won the 1936 election, but it did not participate in government. During World War II, it was outlawed by the occupying Germans and became a key element of the French Resistance, Resistance. The PCF participated in the provisional government of the Liberation of France, Li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
École Pratique Des Hautes Études
École or Ecole may refer to: * an elementary school in the French educational stages normally followed by secondary education establishments (collège and lycée) * École (river), a tributary of the Seine flowing in région Île-de-France * École, Savoie, a French commune * École-Valentin, a French commune in the Doubs département * Grandes écoles, higher education establishments in France * The École The École, formerly Ecole Internationale de New York, is an intimate and independent French-American school, which cultivates an internationally minded community of students from 2 to 14 years old in New York City’s vibrant Flatiron Distric ..., a French-American bilingual school in New York City * Ecole Software, a Japanese video-games developer/publisher {{disambiguation, geo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Montpellier
The University of Montpellier () is a public university, public research university located in Montpellier, in south-east of France. Established in 1220, the University of Montpellier is one of the List of oldest universities in continuous operation, oldest universities in the world. The university was split into three universities (the University of Montpellier 1, the Montpellier 2 University, University of Montpellier 2 and the Paul Valéry University, Montpellier III, Paul Valéry University Montpellier 3) for 45 years from 1970 until 2015 when it was subsequently reunified by the merger of the two former, with the latter, now named Paul Valéry University, Montpellier III, remaining a separate entity. History The university is associated with a papal bull issued by Pope Nicholas IV in 1289, combining various centuries-old schools into a university. The university is considerably older than its formal founding date, with the first statutes given by Conrad of Urach in 1220. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agrégation
In France, the () is the most competitive and prestigious examination for civil service in the French public education A state school, public school, or government school is a primary school, primary or secondary school that educates all students without charge. They are funded in whole or in part by taxation and operated by the government of the state. State-f ... system. Successful candidates become ''professeurs agrégés'' () and are usually appointed as teachers in Secondary education in France, secondary schools or Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles, preparatory classes, or as lecturers in universities. Context Originating from the 18th century, the is a highly prestigious and competitive examination. The level of selectivity varies between disciplines: every year, the French Ministry of National Education (France), Ministry of National Education determines and publishes a list of annual quotas for each discipline. There are about 300 to 400 positions open each ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
