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Einstein Institute Of Mathematics
The Einstein Institute of Mathematics () is a centre for scientific research in mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, founded in 1925 with the opening of the university. A leading research institute, the institute's faculty has included recipients of the Nobel Prize, Fields Medal, Wolf Prize, and Israel Prize. History About a year before the official inauguration of the Hebrew University, a Jewish-American philanthropist, Philip Wattenberg, endowed the new university with $190,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) for a research institute in the name of theoretical physicist Albert Einstein. The Einstein Mathematics-Physics Institute was established in 1925. Its inaugural lecture was given by Edmund Landau (on problems from number theory), the first lecture in higher mathematics to be delivered in modern Hebrew. The Institute moved to the Philip Wattenburg Building in 1928, designed by Benjamin Chaikin and Sir Frank Mears, where it remained until the Hebrew Univer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Givat Ram
Givat Ram () is a neighborhood in central Jerusalem. It is the site of Kiryat HaMemshala (Hebrew language, Hebrew: קריית הממשלה, ''lit.'' Government complex), which includes many of Israel's most important national institutions, among them the Knesset (Israel's parliament), the Israel Museum (as well as the private Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem, Bible Lands Museum), the Israeli Supreme Court, Supreme Court, Bank of Israel, Academy of the Hebrew Language, National Library of Israel, National Library, one of the campuses of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and many government ministries' offices. Etymology Two versions: # ''Ram'' is a Hebrew acronym for Rikuz Mefakdim – , lit. ''officers' assembly'', therefore Giv'at Ram means ''Officers' assembly hill''. # ''Ram'' is a Hebrew acronym for Rehavia Hamurhevet – , lit. expansion of Rehavia, and there are maps and over evidence for the efforts to build this neighborhood in the 40's. History Before 1948, maps of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edmund Landau
Edmund Georg Hermann Landau (14 February 1877 – 19 February 1938) was a German mathematician who worked in the fields of number theory and complex analysis. Biography Edmund Landau was born to a Jewish family in Berlin. His father was Leopold Landau, a gynecologist, and his mother was Johanna Jacoby. Landau studied mathematics at the University of Berlin, receiving his doctorate in 1899 and his habilitation (the post-doctoral qualification required to teach in German universities) in 1901. His doctoral thesis was 14 pages long. In 1895, his paper on scoring chess tournaments is the earliest use of eigenvector centrality. Landau taught at the University of Berlin from 1899 to 1909, after which he held a chair at the University of Göttingen. He married Marianne Ehrlich, the daughter of the Nobel Prize-winning biologist Paul Ehrlich, in 1905. At the 1912 International Congress of Mathematicians Landau listed four problems in number theory about primes that he said were pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Otto Toeplitz
Otto Toeplitz (1 August 1881 – 15 February 1940) was a German mathematician working in functional analysis., reprinted in Life and work Toeplitz was born to a Jewish family of mathematicians. Both his father and grandfather were ''Gymnasium'' mathematics teachers and published papers in mathematics. Toeplitz grew up in Breslau and graduated from the ''Gymnasium'' there. He then studied mathematics at the University of Breslau and was awarded a doctorate in algebraic geometry in 1905. In 1906 Toeplitz arrived at Göttingen University, which was then the world's leading mathematical center, and he remained there for seven years. The mathematics faculty included David Hilbert, Felix Klein, and Hermann Minkowski. Toeplitz joined a group of young people working with Hilbert: Max Born, Richard Courant and Ernst Hellinger, with whom he collaborated for many years afterward. At that time Toeplitz began to rework the theory of linear functionals and quadratic forms on ''n''-dimensi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Issai Schur
Issai Schur (10 January 1875 – 10 January 1941) was a Russian mathematician who worked in Germany for most of his life. He studied at the Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Berlin. He obtained his doctorate in 1901, became lecturer in 1903 and, after a stay at the University of Bonn, professor in 1919. As a student of Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, he worked on group representations (the subject with which he is most closely associated), but also in combinatorics and Quadratic residue#The Pólya–Vinogradov inequality, number theory and even theoretical physics. He is perhaps best known today for his result on the existence of the Schur decomposition and for his work on group representations (Schur's lemma). Schur published under the name of both I. Schur, and J. Schur, the latter especially in ''Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik''. This has led to some confusion. Childhood Issai Schur was born into a Jewish family, the son of the businessman Moses Schur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nazi Regime
Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", referred to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945, after 12 years, when the Allies defeated Germany and entered the capital, Berlin, ending World War II in Europe. After Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party began to eliminate political opposition and consolidate power. A 1934 German referendum confirmed Hitler as sole '' Führer'' (leader). Power was centralised in Hitler's person, and his word became the highest law. The government was not a coordinated, coopera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Fekete
Michael (Mihály) Fekete (; 19 July 1886 – 13 May 1957) was a Hungarian-Israelis, Israeli mathematician. Biography Michael Fekete was born in Zenta, Austria-Hungary (today Senta, Serbia). He received his PhD in 1909 from the University of Budapest (later renamed Eötvös Loránd University). He studied under Lipót Fejér. After completing his PhD he switched to University of Göttingen, which was considered a mathematics hub. In 1914, he returned to the University of Budapest, where he attained the title of Privatdozent. Fekete also worked as a private math tutor. Among his students was János Neumann. In 1922, Fekete published a paper together with Neumann on extremal polynomials, which was Neumann's first scientific paper. Fekete dedicated the majority of his scientific work to the transfinite diameter. In 1928 Fekete immigrated to Mandate Palestine and was among the first instructors of the Institute of Mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1929 he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abraham Fraenkel
Abraham Fraenkel (; 17 February, 1891 – 15 October, 1965) was a German-born Israeli mathematician. He was an early Zionist and the first Dean of Mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is known for his contributions to axiomatic set theory, especially his additions to Ernst Zermelo's axioms, which resulted in the Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. Biography Abraham Adolf Halevi Fraenkel studied mathematics at the Universities of Munich, Berlin, Marburg and Breslau. After graduating, he lectured at the University of Marburg from 1916, and was promoted to professor in 1922. In 1919, he married Wilhelmina Malka A. Prins (1892–1983). Due to the severe housing shortage in post-First World war Germany, for a few years the couple lived with fellow professor Kurt Hensel as subtenants. After leaving Marburg in 1928, Fraenkel taught at the University of Kiel for a year. He then made the choice of accepting a position at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which had b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Binyamin Amirà
Binyamin A. Amirà (; 3 June 1896 – 20 January 1968) was an Israeli mathematician. Early life and education Born in 1896 in Mohilev, Russian Empire, Binyamin Amirà immigrated with his family to Tel Aviv in Ottoman Palestine in 1910, where he attended the Herzliya Gymnasium. Amirà went on to study mathematics at the University of Geneva, after which he moved to the University of Göttingen in 1921 to undertake research for his doctorate under the supervision of Edmund Landau. Academic career After completing his D.Sc. in 1924, Amirà spent a brief period at the University of Geneva as Privatdozent, after which he followed Landau in 1925 to help him in establishing the Mathematics Institute of the newly-founded Hebrew University in Jerusalem. There he became the institute's first tenured staff member. Amirà founded the Journal d'Analyse Mathématique The ''Journal d'Analyse Mathématique'' is a triannual peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Busin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Göttingen
Göttingen (, ; ; ) is a college town, university city in Lower Saxony, central Germany, the Capital (political), capital of Göttingen (district), the eponymous district. The River Leine runs through it. According to the 2022 German census, the population of Göttingen was 124,548. Overview The origins of Göttingen lay in a village called ''Gutingi, ''first mentioned in a document in 953 AD. The city was founded northwest of this village, between 1150 and 1200 AD, and adopted its name. In Middle Ages, medieval times the city was a member of the Hanseatic League and hence a wealthy town. Today, Göttingen is famous for its old university (''Georgia Augusta'', or University of Göttingen, "Georg-August-Universität"), which was founded in 1734 (first classes in 1737) and became the most visited university of Europe. In 1837, seven professors protested against the absolute sovereignty of the House of Hanover, kings of Kingdom of Hanover, Hanover; they lost their positions, but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Private Library
Private libraries are library, libraries that are privately owned and are usually intended for the use of a small number of people, or even a single person. As with public libraries, some people use bookplates – stamps, stickers or embossing – to show ownership of the items. Some people sell their private libraries to established institutions such as the Library of Congress, or, as is often the case, bequeath them after death. Much less often, a private library is maintained intact long after the death of the owner. History The earliest libraries belonged to temples or administration bodies, resembled modern archives, and were usually restricted to nobility, aristocracy, scholars, or theologians. Examples of the earliest known private libraries include one found in Ugarit (dated to around 1200 BC) and the Library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh (near modern Mosul, Iraq), dating back to the 7th century BC. Mesopotamia Mesopotamia was home to a great number of private ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Felix Klein
Felix Christian Klein (; ; 25 April 1849 – 22 June 1925) was a German mathematician and Mathematics education, mathematics educator, known for his work in group theory, complex analysis, non-Euclidean geometry, and the associations between geometry and group theory. His 1872 Erlangen program classified geometries by their basic symmetry groups and was an influential synthesis of much of the mathematics of the time. During his tenure at the University of Göttingen, Klein was able to turn it into a center for mathematical and scientific research through the establishment of new lectures, professorships, and institutes. His Felix Klein Protocols, seminars covered most areas of mathematics then known as well as their applications. Klein also devoted considerable time to mathematical instruction and promoted mathematics education reform at all grade levels in Germany and abroad. He became the first president of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction in 1908 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mount Scopus
Mount Scopus ( ', "Mount of the Watchmen/ Sentinels"; ', lit. "Mount Lookout", or ' "Mount of the Scene/Burial Site", or "Mount Syenite") is a mountain (elevation: above sea level) in northeast Jerusalem. Between the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and the Six-Day War in 1967, the peak of Mount Scopus with the Hebrew University campus and Hadassah Hospital was a UN-protected exclave of Israel within Jordan. Today, Mount Scopus lies within the municipal boundaries of the city of Jerusalem. Name and identification The ridge of mountains east of ancient as well as modern Jerusalem offers the best views of the city, which it dominates. Since the main part of the ridge bears the name Mount of Olives, the name "lookout" was reserved for this peak to the northeast of the ancient city. Its name in many languages (Hebrew, Arabic, Greek and Latin) means "lookout." Scopus is a Latinisation of the Greek word for "watcher", ''skopos''. . Adding to the multi-layered meaning of the name, it is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
