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Eighth Council Of Toledo
The Eighth Council of Toledo commenced on 16 December 653 in the church of the Holy Apostles in Toledo in Spain. It was attended by fifty two bishops in person, including the aged Gavinio of Calahorra, who had assisted at the Fourth Council, and another ten by delegation, ten abbots, including Saint Ildefonsus, abbot of Agali monastery, and by the archpriest and ''primicerius'' of the cathedral. Also, for the first time, secular officials, sixteen counts palatine, participated in the discussion, voting, and affirmation of the council's acts. This was the second of King Chindasuinth's two councils, held under the names of both he and his co-reigning son, Reccesuinth Recceswinth (died 1 September 672) was the Visigothic King of Hispania and Septimania in 649–672. He ruled jointly with his father Chindaswinth until his father's death in 653. Name His Gothic name is believed to have been *𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌺 .... The eighth council was unique in its convocation in that Chind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Council Of Toledo
From the 5th century to the 7th century AD, about thirty synods, variously counted, were held at Toledo, Spain, Toledo (''Concilia toletana'') in what would come to be part of Spain. The First Council of Toledo, earliest, directed against Priscillianism, assembled in 400. The Third Council of Toledo, "third" synod of 589 marked the epoch-making conversion of King Reccared from Arianism to Catholic Chalcedonian Christianity. The "Fourth Council of Toledo, fourth", in 633, probably under the presidency of the noted Isidore of Seville, regulated many matters of discipline and decreed uniformity of liturgy throughout the kingdom. The Britonia of Galicia (Spain), Galicia accepted the Latin liturgical rites, Latin liturgical rite. The Twelfth Council of Toledo, "twelfth" council in 681 assured to the archbishop of Toledo the primacy of Hispania (present Iberian Peninsula). As nearly one hundred early canon law, canons of Toledo found a place in the ''Decretum Gratiani'', they exerted an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Twelve Apostles
In Christian theology and ecclesiology, the apostles, particularly the Twelve Apostles (also known as the Twelve Disciples or simply the Twelve), were the primary disciples of Jesus according to the New Testament. During the life and ministry of Jesus in the 1st century AD, the apostles were his closest followers and became the primary teachers of the gospel message of Jesus. There is also an Eastern Christian tradition derived from the Gospel of Luke that there were seventy apostles during the time of Jesus' ministry. The commissioning of the Twelve Apostles during the ministry of Jesus is described in the Synoptic Gospels. After his resurrection, Jesus sent eleven of them (as Judas Iscariot by then had died) by the Great Commission to spread his teachings to all nations. In the Pauline epistles, Paul, although not one of the original twelve, described himself as an apostle, saying he was called by the resurrected Jesus himself during his road to Damascus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toledo, Spain
Toledo ( ; ) is a city and Municipalities of Spain, municipality of Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and the ''de jure'' seat of the government and parliament of the autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha. Toledo is primarily located on the right (north) bank of the Tagus in central Iberian Peninsula, Iberia, nestled in a bend of the river. Built on a previous Carpetanian settlement, Toledo developed into an important Roman city of Hispania, later becoming the capital (''civitas regia'') of the Visigothic Kingdom and seat of a Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo, powerful archdiocese. Often unsubmissive to Emirate of Córdoba, Umayyad central rule during the Islamic period, Toledo (طليطلة) nonetheless acquired a status as a major cultural centre (promoting productive cultural exchanges between the Ummah and the Latin Christendom), which still retained after the Fitna of al-Andalus, collapse of the caliphate and the crea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calahorra
Calahorra (; ; ) is a municipality in the Spanish autonomous community and province of La Rioja. During Ancient Roman times, Calahorra was a municipium known as ''Calagurris Nassica Iulia''. Location The city is located on a hill at an altitude of 358 metres at the confluence of the Ebro and Cidacos rivers, and has an area of 91.41 km². Calahorra is the second-largest city in La Rioja in population and importance, after the capital, Logroño. Its population is 23,923 people. It is well-connected to other cities, especially by highway. It is situated in the Ebro valley, 48 kilometres from Logroño, 120 km from Zaragoza and 180 km from Bilbao, and is connected to these cities by national highway 232, the A-68 motorway ( Vasco-Aragonesa) and the Bilbao-Zaragoza rail line. Its daily bus services link it to such cities as Pamplona, Soria and San Sebastián. Its status as seat of a ''comarca'' and judicial district make it a service-industry city in administrative, c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fourth Council Of Toledo
The Fourth Council of Toledo was held in 633. It was convened by Visigothic king Sisenand and took place at the church of Saint Leocadia in Toledo. Probably under the presidency of the noted Isidore of Seville, the council regulated many matters of discipline, decreed uniformity of liturgy throughout the Visigothic kingdom and took stringent measures against baptized Jews who had relapsed into their former faith. At this council, begun 5 December 633, all the bishops of Hispania were in attendance. Isidore, though elderly, presided over its deliberations, and was the originator of most of its enactments. The council probably expressed with tolerable accuracy the mind and influence of Isidore. The position and deference granted to the king is remarkable. The church is free and independent, yet bound in solemn allegiance to the acknowledged king: nothing is said of allegiance to the bishop of Rome. It was at the Fourth National Council of Toledo and through his influence that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abbot
Abbot is an ecclesiastical title given to the head of an independent monastery for men in various Western Christian traditions. The name is derived from ''abba'', the Aramaic form of the Hebrew ''ab'', and means "father". The female equivalent is abbess. Origins The title had its origin in the monasteries of Egypt and Syria, spread through the eastern Mediterranean, and soon became accepted generally in all languages as the designation of the head of a monastery. The word is derived from the Aramaic ' meaning "father" or ', meaning "my father" (it still has this meaning in contemporary Arabic: أب, Hebrew: אבא and Aramaic: ܐܒܐ) In the Septuagint, it was written as "abbas". At first it was employed as a respectful title for any monk, but it was soon restricted by canon law to certain priestly superiors. At times it was applied to various priests, e.g. at the court of the Frankish monarchy the ' ("of the palace"') and ' ("of the camp") were chaplains to the Merovingian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ildefonsus
Ildefonsus or Ildephonsus (rarely ''Ildephoses'' or ''Ildefonse''; Spanish: San Ildefonso; c. 8 December A.D. 607 – 23 January A.D. 667) was a scholar and theologian who served as the metropolitan (religion), metropolitan Bishop of Toledo for the last decade of his life. His Gothic language, Gothic name was Hildefuns. In the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church he is known as Dexius (ደቅስዮስ ''Daqsəyos'') based on the Ge'ez translation of #Legends, legends about his life. Although his writings were less influential outside of Hispania, Ildefonsus was canonised and remained a potent force in the Iberian Peninsula for centuries. Spanish missionaries, and to a lesser extent Portuguese ones, spread his ideas worldwide. Life Ildefonsus was born to a prominent Visigothic family in Toledo during the reign of Witteric. Civil wars racked the List of Visigothic Kings, Visigothic kingdom during most of Ildefonsus' life. His uncle Eugenius II of Toledo, Eugenius, who later became ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agali Monastery
The monastery of Agali, probably dedicated to Saints Cosmas and Damian, was founded around 590/600 in the vicinity of Toledo. It probably lay along the important road from Complutum to Gaul.García Moreno 1993, 186. Several of its monks became bishops of Toledo during the seventh century. Agali was one of the earliest sites of regular monasticism—"monastic communities following received rules"—in central, southern or western Spain, although such communities did exist prior to the late sixth century on the Mediterranean coast and in the northeast.Collins 2004, 153. In the rest of Spain there was "an older tradition of individual or family asceticism, represented by voluntary celibacy and the setting up of private monastic households". Regular monasticism seems to have been introduced by exiles from Africa, fleeing the Byzantine government's enforced resolution of the Three Chapters controversy and the Berber raids precipitated by Byzantine military weakness. Agali may have been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Count Palatine
A count palatine (Latin ''comes palatinus''), also count of the palace or palsgrave (from German ''Pfalzgraf''), was originally an official attached to a royal or imperial palace or household and later a nobleman of a rank above that of an ordinary count. The title originated in the Late Roman Empire. In the Middle Ages especially and into modern times, it is associated with the Holy Roman Empire,"palatine, adj.1 and n.1". OED Online. June 2019. Oxford University Press. https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/136245?redirectedFrom=count+palatine& (accessed July 31, 2019). especially Electoral Palatinate. The office, jurisdiction or territory of a count palatine was a county palatine or palatinate. In England the forms earl palatine and palatine earldom are rare alternative terms. Importance of a count palatine in medieval Europe ''Comes palatinus'' This Latin title is the original, but is also pre-feudal: it originated as Roman ''comes'', which was a non-hereditary court title of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chindasuinth
Chindasuinth (also spelled ''Chindaswinth'', ''Chindaswind'', ''Chindasuinto'', ''Chindasvindo'', or ''Khindaswinth''; Latin: ''Chintasvintus'', ''Cindasvintus''; 563 – 30 September 653) was Visigothic King of Hispania, from 642 until his death in 653. He succeeded Tulga, from whom he took the throne in a coup. He was elected by the nobles and anointed by the bishops on April 30, 642. Life Despite his great age (he was already 79 years old and a veteran of the Leovigild campaigns and the religious rebellions after conversions from Arianism were forced) his tyrannical and cruel character made the clergy and noblesse submit to him out of fear of execution and banishment. He cemented his control by preempting an alleged revolt: in a short period of time he executed over 200 Goths of the most noble families and 500 more from the petty nobility. Additionally, he arranged for the banishment of many potential adversaries and the confiscation of their property. All this took place b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reccesuinth
Recceswinth (died 1 September 672) was the Visigothic King of Hispania and Septimania in 649–672. He ruled jointly with his father Chindaswinth until his father's death in 653. Name His Gothic name is believed to have been *𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌸𐍃 (*''Raikaswinþs''), from the roots ''reiks'' ("king") and ''swinþs'' ("strong"). His votive crown used the Latin spelling . Other Latin spellings include ''Recceswinthus'', ''Recesvindus''. In English his name is also spelled ''Reccesuinth'', ''Recceswint'', ''Reccaswinth''; Spanish ''Recesvinto''; Portuguese ''Recesvindo''; German ''Rekkeswint''; French ''Réceswinthe''. Reign Under Recceswinth, the Visigothic Kingdom enjoyed an unbroken peace for 19 years (653–672) — except for a brief rebellion of the Vascons, led by a noble named " Froya," an exiled Goth, who fleeing the monarch’s persecutions had settled, like many others, in Basque territory. Froya and the Vascons ravaged the lands of the Ebro Va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
