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East Sumatra Revolution
The East Sumatra revolution, also known as the East Sumatra social revolution (), began on 3 March 1946. Across 25 "native states", many sultanates were overthrown and mass killing of members of the aristocratic families were performed by armed ''pergerakan'' groups (Indonesian nationalists). To the opportunistic ''pergerakan'' militants (especially Communist Party of Indonesia leaders Abdoe'lxarim M. S. and Luat Siregar), the revolutionary movement was seen as one of the means for East Sumatra to be freed from colonial overlordship and to join the larger Indonesian National Revolution. Participants of the revolution were believed to be provoked by leaders to kill aristocrats and create violence. These belligerents had three prime objectives: to eliminate the sultans and aristocrats (who were seen as Dutch allies), to seize their wealth (as sources of funding for the Indonesian independence campaign) and to eliminate the region's feudal social structure. The revolution brought ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communist Party Of Indonesia
The Communist Party of Indonesia (Indonesian language, Indonesian: ''Partai Komunis Indonesia'', PKI) was a communist party in the Dutch East Indies and later Indonesia. It was the largest non-ruling communist party in the world before its Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66, violent disbandment in 1965. The party had two million members in the 1955 elections, with 16 percent of the national vote and almost 30 percent of the vote in East Java. At the time, it was the largest communist party in the world after the Chinese and Soviet communist parties. During most of the period immediately following the Indonesian Independence until the eradication of the PKI in 1965, it was a legal party operating openly in the country. Accused of responsibility for the 30 September Movement, 1965 army-led coup attempt, the party was banned by General Suharto in March 1966. History Forerunners The Indies Social Democratic Association (Dutch language, Dutch: ''Indische Sociaal-Democratische ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tokubetsu Keisatsutai
The was the Imperial Japanese Navy's military police, equivalent to the Imperial Japanese Army's '' Kempeitai''. The original ''Tokkeitai'' was known as the General Affairs Section and concerned itself with military police and personnel work within the Navy: personnel, discipline and records. It took a more active role, partly to keep the ''Kempeitai'' and the Army from meddling in Navy affairs. It was especially active in the areas of the South Pacific and the Naval Control Area and was as pervasive as the ''Kempeitai''. It had the same commissar roles in relation to exterior enemies or suspicious persons, and it watched inside units for possible defectors or traitors under the security doctrine of ''Kikosaku''. Attached to navy units, they served as Colonial police in some occupied Pacific areas. Later accusations of war crimes were made against them in that role for such acts as coercion of comfort women from Indonesia, Indochina and China into sexual slavery. In addition t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesian National Party
The Indonesian National Party (, PNI) was the name used by several nationalist political parties in Indonesia from 1927 until 1973. The first PNI was established by future President Sukarno. After independence, the new PNI supplied a number of prime ministers, and participated in the majority of cabinets in the 1950s and 1960s. The party was fused into the Indonesian Democratic Party in 1973. In the years following the reforms of the late 1990s, a number of parties claiming to be the continuation of previous PNIs stood in elections, but gained only a handful of seats. Pre-independence In November 1925, Sukarno, then a young engineer studying at the Bandung Technical College, founded the ''Algemeene Studie Club'', a study club inspired by a similar organization founded by Soetomo in Surabaya. The study club was later reformed on 4 July 1927 into a movement called the Indonesian National Association. In May 1928, the name was changed to the Indonesian National Party. The organizati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesian Communist Party
The Communist Party of Indonesia ( Indonesian: ''Partai Komunis Indonesia'', PKI) was a communist party in the Dutch East Indies and later Indonesia. It was the largest non-ruling communist party in the world before its violent disbandment in 1965. The party had two million members in the 1955 elections, with 16 percent of the national vote and almost 30 percent of the vote in East Java. At the time, it was the largest communist party in the world after the Chinese and Soviet communist parties. During most of the period immediately following the Indonesian Independence until the eradication of the PKI in 1965, it was a legal party operating openly in the country. Accused of responsibility for the 1965 army-led coup attempt, the party was banned by General Suharto in March 1966. History Forerunners The Indies Social Democratic Association ( Dutch: ''Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging'', ISDV) was founded in 1914 by Dutch socialist Henk Sneevliet and another Indies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amir Hamzah
Tengku Amir Hamzah (February 1911 – 20 March 1946) was an Indonesian poet and National Hero of Indonesia. Born into a Malay people, Malay aristocratic family in the Sultanate of Langkat in North Sumatra, he was educated in both Sumatra and Java. While attending senior high school in Surakarta around 1930, Amir became involved with the Indonesian National Awakening, nationalist movement and fell in love with a Javanese people, Javanese schoolmate, Ilik Sundari. Even after Amir continued his studies in legal school in Batavia, Dutch East Indies, Batavia (now Jakarta) the two remained close, only separating in 1937 when Amir was recalled to Sumatra to marry the sultan's daughter and take on responsibilities of the court. Though unhappy with his marriage, he fulfilled his courtly duties. After Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, Indonesia proclaimed its independence in 1945, he served as the government's representative in Langkat. The following year he was killed in East ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tanjungbalai (city)
Tanjungbalai, also colloquially written as Tanjung Balai, is a city in North Sumatra province, Indonesia, on the estuary of the Asahan River. It has an area of and the sixth largest ''kota'' (urban) population in North Sumatra with 154,445 inhabitants in the 2010 censusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 176,027 at the 2020 Census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 183,170 - comprising 92,715 males and 90,455 females.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kota Tanjungbalai Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.1274) The town has a ferry terminal with services to Port Klang, Malaysia, and the city-island of Singapore. Formerly known as Tanjungbalai-Asahan, this area was once a district within Asahan Regency until it was granted city status in 1984. However, the identifier "Asahan" is still used to distinguish it from the port of the same name on Great Karimun island. After the separation of Tanjungbalai from Asahan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raymond Westerling
Raymond Pierre Paul Westerling (31 August 1919 – 26 November 1987) was a Dutch military officer of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army. He orchestrated a counter-guerrilla operation in Sulawesi during the Indonesian National Revolution after World War II and participated in a coup attempt against the Government of Indonesia in January 1950, a month after the official transfer of sovereignty. Both actions were denounced as war crimes by the Indonesian authorities. Born in the Ottoman Empire, despite his nickname, The Turk, Westerling was of mixed Dutch and Greek descent. Early life Raymond "The Turk" Westerling was born on 31 August 1919 in Istanbul. He was the second son of a Greek mother, Sophia Moutzou, and a Dutch dealer in antiques, Paul Westerling, whose family had lived there for three generations. He grew up speaking Greek, Turkish, French and English, and later wrote: "One of the few Western European languages that I didn't speak a word of was my mother tongue: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Medan
The Battle of Medan, known locally as the Battle for the Medan Area () took place between Allied forces and the Indonesian Army in Medan, North Sumatra, and its surrounding area during the Indonesian National Revolution. Prelude As the Second World War neared its end, the Allies agreed that post-war, the Dutch East Indies would come under the authority of the South East Asia Command headed by British Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten. Following the surrender of Japan, British troops began landing in Sumatra and Java to release prisoners-of-war, repatriate Japanese troops and maintain law and order pending the return of the Dutch colonial authorities. Meanwhile, on 17 August 1945, Sukarno proclaimed Indonesia independence in Jakarta, and appointed Muhammad Hasan as governor of Sumatra. However, news of the proclamation was only announced by Hasan in Medan on 30 September. Anticolonial protests by the locals were soon held. The Allies, who had just liberated Indonesia from its ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pematangsiantar
Pematangsiantar (sometimes written as Pematang Siantar, acronym PS or ''P. Siantar'', colloquially just Siantar), and also known as the City of Pematangsiantar, is an independent city in North Sumatra Province of Indonesia, surrounded by, but not part of, the Simalungun Regency, making Pematangsiantar an enclave and exclave, enclave within Simalungun Regency. Pematangsiantar formerly had the status of a second-level district (''daerah tingkat dua'') and was the administrative centre of the surrounding Regency, but in 1986 it was elevated to ''Kota'' (City) and separated from the Regency. Its population was 229,525 in the 2005 Intermediate Census, 234,698 in the 2010 CensusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 268,254 in the 2020 Census.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. The official estimate as of mid-2024 was 277,054, making it the second-largest city in the province after the provincial capital of Medan.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Kota Pematangsiant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teuku Muhammad Hasan
Teuku Mohammad Hasan ( EVO: Teoekoe Moehammad Hasan; 4 April 1906 – 21 September 1997) was an Indonesian politician and national hero from Aceh, who served as the first and only governor of Sumatra from 1945 until 1948. He also served as a cabinet minister in Sjafruddin Prawiranegara's emergency cabinet and was a member of both the Senate of the United States of Indonesia (USI) and the Provisional People's Representative Council (DPRS) of the Republic of Indonesia. Born to an aristocratic family in present-day Aceh, Teuku Mohammad Hasan studied law at Leiden University. During his time there, he joined the '' Perhimpoenan Indonesia'' association, becoming involved in the Indonesian independence movement. After graduating in 1933, he returned to Aceh, and became active in the Islamic organization Muhammadiyah. During the Japanese occupation, he was a member of the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence. Following the proclamation of independence, he was appointed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tentara Keamanan Rakyat
The People's Security Army () or commonly abbreviated as TKR is the name of the first military force formed by the Indonesian Government, after the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence. TKR was formed on October 5, 1945, based on an announcement issued by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia. TKR was formed as a result of improving the function of the previously existing People's Security Agency (BKR) and its core army was taken from the former KNIL & PETA. The formation of this army was aimed at overcoming a situation that was starting to become unsafe, due to the return of allied troops to Indonesia after Japan surrendered unconditionally to the allies. TKR consists of TKR Land, TKR Sea and TKR Aviation Bureau, all of which originate from changes to BKR Land, BKR Sea and BKR Air. To expand the function of the army in defending independence and safeguarding the security of the Indonesian people, the Indonesian government then changed the name of the People's Security ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
