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Early Christian Writings
Various early Christian writers wrote gospels and other books, some of which were canonized as the New Testament canon developed. The Apostolic Fathers were prominent writers who are traditionally understood to have met and learned from Jesus's personal disciples. The Church Fathers are later writers with no direct connection to the disciples (other than the claim to apostolic succession). Early Christian apologists tried to defend Christianity against its critics, especially the Ancient Greek and Roman philosophers. Dates given, if not otherwise specified, are of their writings or bishopric, not of their lives. * Paul of Tarsus, "Apostle to the Gentiles", earliest New Testament author 45~65 *Four Evangelists, traditionally identified as the authors of the canonical gospels 60~125 * Ignatius, bishop of Antioch, apostolic father 68~107 * Marcion of Sinope, evangelist and theologian, founder of Marcionism, published the first known canon of the New Testament, 85~160 * Clem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Christianity
The history of Christianity began with the life of Jesus, an itinerant Jewish preacher and teacher, who was Crucifixion of Jesus, crucified in Jerusalem . His followers proclaimed that he was the Incarnation (Christianity), incarnation of God in Christianity, God and had Resurrection of Jesus, risen from the dead. In the two millennia since, Christianity has spread across the world, becoming the List of religious populations, world's largest religion with Christian population growth, over two billion adherents worldwide. Christianity was initially a Grassroots, grassroots movement spread within cities by apostles, reaching Critical mass (sociodynamics), critical mass by the third century when it grew to over a million adherents. Constantine the Great and Christianity, The support of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great, Constantine in the early fourth century was important in transforming it into an organized religion with New Testament, a formalized religious text. Consta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marcion Of Sinope
Marcion of Sinope (; ; ) was a theologian in early Christianity. Marcion preached that God had sent Jesus Christ, who was distinct from the "vengeful" God ( Demiurge) who had created the world. He considered himself a follower of Paul the Apostle, whom he believed to have been the only true apostle of Jesus Christ; his doctrine is called Marcionism. Marcion published the earliest record of a canon of New Testament books. Early Church writers such as Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, and Tertullian denounced Marcion as a heretic or antichrist, and he was excommunicated by the church of Rome around 144. He published his own canon of Christian sacred scriptures,Bruce 1988, p. 134. which contained ten Pauline epistles (including the Epistle to the Laodiceans, while excluding the Pastoral epistles) and the Gospel of Marcion which historically is claimed to be an edited version of the Gospel of Luke. Some modern scholars, such as Matthias Klinghardt, have theorized that Marcion's Go ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Origen Of Alexandria
Origen of Alexandria (), also known as Origen Adamantius, was an early Christian scholar, ascetic, and theologian who was born and spent the first half of his career in Alexandria. He was a prolific writer who wrote roughly 2,000 treatises in multiple branches of theology, including textual criticism, biblical exegesis and hermeneutics, homiletics, and spirituality. He was one of the most influential and controversial figures in early Christian theology, apologetics, and asceticism. He has been described by John Anthony McGuckin as "the greatest genius the early church ever produced". Overview Origen sought martyrdom with his father at a young age but was prevented from turning himself in to the authorities by his mother. When he was eighteen years old, Origen became a catechist at the or School of Alexandria. He devoted himself to his studies and adopted an ascetic lifestyle. He came into conflict with Demetrius, bishop of Alexandria, in 231 after he was ordained as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bishop Of Lyon
The Archdiocese of Lyon (; ), formerly the Archdiocese of Lyon–Vienne–Embrun, is a Latin Church metropolis (religious jurisdiction), metropolitan archdiocese of the Catholic Church in France. The archbishops of Lyon are also called Primate of Gaul, primates of Gaul. The oldest diocese in France and one of the oldest in Western Christianity, its archbishop is usually elevated by the pope to the rank of Cardinal (Catholic Church), cardinal. Bishop Olivier de Germay was appointed archbishop on 22 October 2020. History In the ''Notitia Galliarum'' of the 5th century, the Roman ''Provincia Gallia Lugdunensis Prima'' contained the cities of Metropolis civitas Lugdunensium (Lyon), Civitas Aeduorum (Autun), Civitas Lingonum (Langres), Castrum Cabilonense (Chaâlons-sur-Saône) and Castrum Matisconense (Mâcon). The confluence of the Rhône and the Saône, where sixty Gallic tribes had erected the altar to Rome and Augustus, was also the centre from which Christianity was propagat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Irenaeus
Irenaeus ( or ; ; ) was a Greeks, Greek bishop noted for his role in guiding and expanding Christianity, Christian communities in the southern regions of present-day France and, more widely, for the development of Christian theology by opposing Gnostic interpretations of Christian Scripture and defining proto-orthodoxy. Originating from Smyrna, he had seen and heard the preaching of Polycarp, who in turn was said to have heard John the Evangelist. Chosen as Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lyon, Bishop of Lugdunum, now Lyon, Irenaeus wrote his best-known work ''Against Heresies (Irenaeus), Against Heresies'' around 180 as a refutation of gnosticism, in particular that of Valentinus (Gnostic), Valentinus. To counter the doctrines of the gnostic sects claiming Sophia (gnosticism), secret wisdom, he offered three pillars of orthodoxy: the Bible, scriptures, the Apostolic Tradition, tradition said to be handed down from the apostles, and the teaching of the apostles' Apostolic succ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melito Of Sardis
Melito of Sardis ( ''Melítōn Sárdeōn''; died ) was a Roman Christian prelate who served as Bishop of Sardis, near Smyrna in western Anatolia. He held a foremost place among the early Christian bishops in Roman Asia due to his personal influence and his literary works, most of which have been lost. What has been recovered, however, has provided a great insight into Christianity during the second century. Jerome, speaking of the Old Testament canon established by Melito, quotes Tertullian to the effect that he was esteemed as a prophet by many of the faithful. This work by Tertullian has been lost, but Jerome quotes sections regarding Melito for the high regard in which he was held at that time. Melito is remembered for his work on developing the first Old Testament canon. Though it cannot be determined what date he was elevated to the episcopacy, it is probable that he was bishop during the controversy that arose at Laodicea in regard to the observance of Easter, a controv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Justin Martyr
Justin, known posthumously as Justin Martyr (; ), also known as Justin the Philosopher, was an early Christian apologist and Philosophy, philosopher. Most of his works are lost, but two apologies and a dialogue did survive. The ''First Apology of Justin Martyr, First Apology'', his most well-known text, passionately defends the morality of the Christian life, and provides various ethical and philosophical arguments to convince the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius to abandon the persecution of the Church. Further, he also indicates, as Augustine of Hippo, St. Augustine would later, regarding the "true religion" that revealed itself as Christianity, that the "seeds of Christianity" (manifestations of the Logos (Christianity), Logos acting in history) actually predated Christ's Incarnation (Christianity), incarnation. This notion allows him to claim many historical Greek philosophers (including Socrates and Plato), in whose works he was well studied, as Virtuous pagan, unknowing Chris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aristides Of Athens
Aristides the Athenian (also Saint Aristides or Marcianus Aristides; ) was a 2nd-century Christian Greek author who is primarily known as the author of the ''Apology of Aristides''. His feast day is August 31 in Roman Catholicism and September 13 in Eastern Orthodoxy. Biography Very little is known of Aristides, except for the introductory information given by Eusebius of Caesarea and Saint Jerome. According to their account, Aristides practiced philosophy in Athens, where he lived, prior to and after his conversion to Christianity. Eusebius writes in his ''Ecclesiastical History'' "Aristides also, a faithful disciple of our religion, has left an Apology of the faith dedicated to Hadrian.". Eusebius and Jerome both state that the ''Apology'' was given to Hadrian at the same time that Quadratus delivered his own apology. This suggests that Aristides gave his apology during Hadrian's reign (r. 117–138) as emperor of Rome, which supports the theory of Aristides died between the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polycarp Of Smyrna
Polycarp (; , ''Polýkarpos''; ; AD 69 155) was a Christian bishop of Smyrna. According to the '' Martyrdom of Polycarp'', he died a martyr, bound and burned at the stake, then stabbed when the fire failed to consume his body. Polycarp is regarded as a saint and Church Father in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, Lutheranism, and Anglicanism. Both Irenaeus and Tertullian say that Polycarp had been a disciple of John the Apostle, one of Jesus's disciples. In '' On Illustrious Men'', Jerome similarly writes that Polycarp was a disciple of John the Apostle, who had ordained him as a bishop of Smyrna. Polycarp is regarded as one of three chief Apostolic Fathers, along with Clement of Rome and Ignatius of Antioch. Surviving writings and early accounts The sole surviving work attributed to him is the '' Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians'', a mosaic of references to the Greek Scriptures, which, along with an account of '' Martyr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papias Of Hierapolis
Papias () was a Greeks, Greek Apostolic Father, Bishop of Hierapolis (modern Pamukkale, Turkey), and author who lived c. 60 – c. 130 AD He wrote the ''Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord'' () in five books. This work, which is lost apart from brief excerpts in the works of Irenaeus of Lyons () and Eusebius of Caesarea (), is an important early source on Oral gospel traditions, Christian oral tradition and especially on the origins of the canonical Gospels. Life Very little is known of Papias apart from what can be inferred from his own writings. He is described as "an ancient man who was a hearer of New Testament people named John#John of Ephesus, John and a companion of Polycarp" by Polycarp's disciple Irenaeus (c. 180).Irenaeus''Adv. Haer.'' 5.33.4. The original Greek is preserved apud Eusebius.1. Eusebius adds that Papias was Bishop of Hierapolis around the time of Ignatius of Antioch.Eusebius''Hist. Eccl.'' 3.36.2. In this office Papias was presumably succeeded by Aberc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clement Of Rome
Clement of Rome (; ; died ), also known as Pope Clement I, was the Pope, Bishop of Rome in the Christianity in the 1st century, late first century AD. He is considered to be the first of the Apostolic Fathers of the Church. Little is known about Clement's life. Tertullian claimed that Clement was ordained by Saint Peter. Early church lists place him as the second or third bishop of Rome. Eusebius, in his book ''Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius), Church History'' mentioned Clement as the third bishop of Rome and as the "co-laborer" of Paul the Apostle, Paul. In Against Heresies (Irenaeus), Against Heresies, Irenaeus described Clement as the successor to Pope Anacletus, Anacletus, who was the third bishop of Rome, and as a personal acquaintance of the Apostles in the New Testament, Apostles. According to the ''Annuario Pontificio'', Clement was the fourth bishop of Rome, holding office at the very end of the 1st century. It is likely that Clement died in exile, and was possibly mart ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world. Its first book was printed in Oxford in 1478, with the Press officially granted the legal right to print books by decree in 1586. It is the second-oldest university press after Cambridge University Press, which was founded in 1534. It is a department of the University of Oxford. It is governed by a group of 15 academics, the Delegates of the Press, appointed by the Vice Chancellor, vice-chancellor of the University of Oxford. The Delegates of the Press are led by the Secretary to the Delegates, who serves as OUP's chief executive and as its major representative on other university bodies. Oxford University Press has had a similar governance structure since the 17th century. The press is located on Walton Street, Oxford, Walton Street, Oxford, opposite Somerville College, Oxford, Somerville College, in the inner suburb of Jericho, Oxford, Jericho. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
