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ECTS Grading Scale
The ECTS grading scale is a grading system for higher education institutions defined in the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) framework by the European Commission. Since many grading systems co-exist in Europe and, considering that interpretation of grades varies considerably from one country to another, if not from one institution to another, the ECTS grading scale has been developed to provide a common measure and facilitate the transfer of students and their grades between European higher education institutions, by allowing national and local grading systems to be interchangeable. Grades are reported on a carefully calibrated and uniform A-to-F scale combined with keywords and short qualitative definitions. Each institution makes its own decision on how to apply the ECTS grading scale to its system. The ECTS grade is not meant to replace the local grades but to be used optionally and additionally to effectively "translate" and "transcript" a grade from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grading In Education
Grading in education is the application of standardized Measurement, measurements to evaluate different levels of student achievement in a course. Grades can be expressed as letters (usually A to F), as a range (for example, 1 to 6), percentages, or as numbers out of a possible total (often out of 100). The exact system that is used varies worldwide. Significance In some countries, grades are averaged to create a grade point average (GPA). GPA is calculated by using the number of grade points a student earns in a given period of time. A GPA is often calculated for high school, undergraduate, and graduate school, graduate students. A cumulative grade point average (CGPA) is the average of all the GPAs a student has achieved during their time at the institution. Students are sometimes required to maintain a certain GPA in order to be admitted to a certain academic program or to remain in that program. Grades are also used in decisions to provide a student with financial aid or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Credit Transfer And Accumulation System
The European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) is a standard means for comparing academic credits, i.e., the "volume of learning based on the defined learning outcomes and their associated workload" for higher education across the European Union and other collaborating European countries. For successfully completed studies, ECTS credits are awarded. One academic year corresponds to 60 ECTS credits that are normally equivalent to 1500–1800 hours of total workload, irrespective of standard or qualification type. ECTS credits are used to facilitate transfer and progression throughout the Union. ECTS also includes a standard ECTS grading scale, grading scale, intended to be shown in addition to local (i.e. national) standard grades. Current systems See also * Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union * Bologna Process * European Higher Education Area * ECTS grading scale * Carnegie Unit and Student Hour * Erasmus Programme * Academic mobility Refe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Commission
The European Commission (EC) is the primary Executive (government), executive arm of the European Union (EU). It operates as a cabinet government, with a number of European Commissioner, members of the Commission (directorial system, informally known as "commissioners") corresponding to two thirds of the number of Member state of the European Union, member states, unless the European Council, acting unanimously, decides to alter this number. The current number of commissioners is 27, including the president. It includes an administrative body of about 32,000 European civil servants. The commission is divided into departments known as Directorate-General, Directorates-General (DGs) that can be likened to departments or Ministry (government department), ministries each headed by a director-general who is responsible to a commissioner. Currently, there is one member per European Union member state, member state, but members are bound by their oath of office to represent the genera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transcript Of Records
In education, a transcript is a certified record (inventory) of a student throughout a course of study having full enrollment history including all courses (or subjects) attempted, grades earned and degrees and awards conferred. Synonyms A transcript is sometimes referred to as a marksheet, marklist or report card. In the United States, a transcript is also called Cumulative Record File (CRF), permanent record, or simply record. In the European ECTS system, transcripts are called Transcript of Records (ToR). United States In United States education, a transcript is a copy of a student's permanent academic record, which usually means all courses taken, all grades received, all honors received and degrees conferred to a student from the first day of school to the current school year for high school, college and university. A transcript may also contain the student’s rank in class and the accreditation of the institution issuing the transcript. An official transcript is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Statistics
Statistics (from German language, German: ', "description of a State (polity), state, a country") is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model to be studied. Populations can be diverse groups of people or objects such as "all people living in a country" or "every atom composing a crystal". Statistics deals with every aspect of data, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of statistical survey, surveys and experimental design, experiments. When census data (comprising every member of the target population) cannot be collected, statisticians collect data by developing specific experiment designs and survey sample (statistics), samples. Representative sampling assures that inferences and conclusions can reasonably extend from the sample ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Class Rank
Class rank is a measure of how a student's performance compares to other students in their class. It is commonly also expressed as a percentile. For instance, a student may have a GPA better than 750 of their classmates in a graduating class of 800, which would make his or her class rank approximately 50 out of 800. Use in high schools The use of class rank is currently in practice at about less than half of American high schools. Large public schools are more likely to rank their students than small private schools. Because many admissions officers were frustrated that many applications did not contain a rank, some colleges are using other information provided by high schools, in combination with a student's GPA to estimate a student's class rank. Many colleges say that the absence of a class rank forces them to put more weight on standardized test scores. Use in college admissions Colleges often use class rank as a factor in college admissions, although because of diff ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academic Grading In Denmark
In Denmark, the Education in Denmark, educational system has historically used a number of different systems of Grading in education, grading student performances, several of which are described below. The current grading system is the ''7-trins-skala'' (7-step-scale) which replaced the ''13-skala'' in 2006. Current scale Starting with the academic year 2005–06, a new scale was introduced, ''7-trins-skalaen'' ("7-step-scale"; colloquially dubbed the ''12-scale''), designed to be compatible with the ECTS grading scale, ECTS-scale: The first 0 in 00 and 02 is used to prevent fraud with grades. Furthermore, Undervisningsministeriet (the Ministry of Education) will adapt to a more international way of grading, by handing out a set number of grades per class. This is because in other countries, the grade A (12) is given twice as often as it is in Denmark (because of strict grading on absolute standards). Previous scales 1788: Latin scale The Latin scale had five steps: *'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academic Grading In Italy
There are two grading systems used in Italy: To someone familiar with both the Italian and the U.S. college systems, Italian grades are best translated into American grades (and vice versa) according to the following table: ''Scuola primaria, scuola secondaria di primo e secondo grado'' In Italian primary and secondary school a 10-point scale is used, 6 being the minimum grade for passing. Traditionally in the most prestigious high schools (Liceo Classico, Liceo Scientifico, Liceo Linguistico and Liceo delle Scienze Umane), grades vary within a limited range, between 2 and 8, often with each professor applying his/her own custom. When a professor wants to apply a more precise scale, instead of using the full 1–10 scale (which would have made their scale not comparable with that of other professors) they would often insert a plethora of symbols and decimals: the range between 5 and 6 would then be covered, in sequence, by 5+, 5½ and 6−. Sufficiency starts at 6. The "+" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academic Grading In Spain
Primary, secondary and Baccalaureate education In primary education, secondary education and Baccalaureate, Spain uses a 0 to 10-point grading scale: *9 and 10 is the best possible grade and is called "Sobresaliente (SB)" ("outstanding"). A special mention called " Matrícula de Honor" can be granted to a limited number of students per group (typically to up to 5% of the students). *7 and 8 is called "Notable (NT)" ("notable"). Sometimes a distinction is made between "notable bajo" 7 (low) and "notable alto" 8 (high). *6 is called "Bien (BI)" ("good"). *5 is called "Suficiente (SU)" ("sufficient"). These are positive grades. *Below 5 out of 10 is called "Insuficiente (IN)" ("insufficient"). This is a negative grade. Universities Spanish universities use two different grading scales. The students' performance is assessed using a 0 to 10-point grading scale, where 10 corresponds to the 100% of the academical contents of the course which in turn are regulated by the Ministr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academic Transfer
College transfer refers to the process by which students in postsecondary education move from attending one institution at that level to another institution at that level. It does not normally refer to the process by which students in secondary education seek access to postsecondary education. College admissions encompasses the processes by which secondary education students (who have not attended college before) and transfer students (already attending college elsewhere) pursue admission to a particular postsecondary institution. Overview Student movements between different education providers at the postsecondary level cover a vast range of possibilities. College transfer covers the exploratory effort, self-assessment and enrollment steps students take considering their prior learning credentials — which could include their coursework grades, recommendation letters, and examinations reflecting their prior learning investment and efforts. The application, applicability and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Educational Policies And Initiatives Of The European Union
In the European Union education is at the responsibility of its Member States and their List of education ministries, Ministries of education that they have; in such, the European Union institutions play only a supporting and overseeing role. According to Art. 165 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the Community The EU also funds educational, professional and citizenship-building programmes which encourage EU citizens to take advantage of opportunities which the EU offers its citizens to live, study and work in other countries. The best known of these is the Erasmus programme, under which more than 3,000,000 students have taken part in inter-university exchange and mobility over the last 20 years. Since 2000, conscious of the importance of Education and Training for their economic and social objectives, EU Member States have begun working together to achieve specific goals in the field of Education. By sharing examples of good policy practice, by taking part ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
