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Dunning School
The Dunning School was a historiographical school of thought regarding the Reconstruction period of American history (1865–1877), supporting conservative elements against the Radical Republicans who introduced civil rights in the South. It was named for Columbia University professor William Archibald Dunning, who taught many of its followers. Profile The Dunning School viewpoint favored conservative elements in the South (the Redeemers, plantation owners and former Confederates) and disparaged Radical Republicans who favored civil rights for former slaves. The views of the Dunning School dominated scholarly and popular depictions of the era from about 1900 to the 1930s. Adam Fairclough, a British historian whose expertise includes Reconstruction, summarized the Dunningite themes: Historian Eric Foner, a leading specialist in the Reconstruction Era, said of the Dunning School academics: In contrast to Foner's views, Fairclough argued that the influence of the Dunning Scho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Historiographical
Historiography is the study of the methods used by historians in developing history as an academic discipline. By extension, the term ":wikt:historiography, historiography" is any body of historical work on a particular subject. The historiography of a specific topic covers how historians have studied that topic by using particular sources, techniques of research, and theoretical approaches to the interpretation of documentary sources. Scholars discuss historiography by topic—such as the historiography of the United Kingdom, of historiography of World War II, WWII, of the Pre-Columbian era, pre-Columbian Americas, of early historiography of early Islam, Islam, and of Chinese historiography, China—and different approaches to the work and the genres of history, such as political history and social history. Beginning in the nineteenth century, the development of academic history produced a great corpus of historiographic literature. The extent to which historians are influence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freedmen
A freedman or freedwoman is a person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means. Historically, slaves were freed by manumission (granted freedom by their owners), emancipation (granted freedom as part of a larger group), or self-purchase. A fugitive slave is a person who escaped enslavement by fleeing. Ancient Rome Rome differed from Greek city-states in allowing freed slaves to become plebeian citizens. The act of freeing a slave was called ''manumissio'', from ''manus'', "hand" (in the sense of holding or possessing something), and ''missio'', the act of releasing. After manumission, a slave who had belonged to a Roman citizen enjoyed not only passive freedom from ownership, but active political freedom ''(libertas)'', including the right to vote. A slave who had acquired ''libertas'' was known as a ''libertus'' ("freed person", feminine ''liberta'') in relation to his former master, who was called his or her patron ''( patronus)''. As a social class, fre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Howard K
Howard is a masculine given name derived from the English surname Howard. ''The Oxford Dictionary of English Christian Names'' notes that "the use of this surname as a christian name is quite recent and there seems to be no particular reason for it except that it is the name of several noble families". The surname has a number of possible origins; in the case of the noble family, the likely source is the Norse given name Hávarðr, composed of the elements ''há'' ("high") and ''varðr'' ("guardian"). Diminutives include Howie and Ward. Howard reached peak popularity in the United States in the 1920s, when it ranked as the 26th most popular boys' name. As of 2018, it had fallen to 968th place. People with the given name * Howard Allen (1949–2020), American serial killer * Howard Duane Allman (1946–1971), American guitar virtuoso * Howard Anderson (other), name of several people * Howard Andrew (1934–2021), American poker player * Howard Ashman (1950–1991), Am ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James Wilford Garner
James Wilford Garner (November 22, 1871, Pike County, Mississippi – December 9, 1938, Urbana, Illinois) was an American political scientist who was professor of political science at the University of Illinois. Early life James Wilford Garner was born in Pike County, Mississippi in 1871 to W. O. and Martha A. Garner. He graduated from the Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College in 1892. He taught in Mississippi high schools from 1892 to 1896. He studied history and political science at the University of Chicago (Ph.M., 1900), after which he taught history at Bradley Polytechnic Institute. Academic career He studied at Columbia University (Ph.D., 1902), where he was a member of the Dunning School. His dissertation, ''Reconstruction in Mississippi'', though critical of Reconstruction, was regarded by W. E. B. Du Bois as the fairest of the works of the Dunning School. He was professor of political science at the University of Pennsylvania in 1902–1903. He became ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frederick Douglass
Frederick Douglass (born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, February 14, 1818 – February 20, 1895) was an American social reformer, Abolitionism in the United States, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. He was the most important leader of the movement for African-American Civil rights movement (1865–1896), civil rights in the 19th century. After escaping from slavery in Maryland in 1838, Douglass became a national leader of the Abolitionism in the United States, abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York (state), New York and gained fame for his oratory and incisive antislavery writings. Accordingly, he was described by abolitionists in his time as a living counterexample to claims by supporters of slavery that enslaved people lacked the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens. Northern United States, Northerners at the time found it hard to believe that such a great orator had once been enslaved. It was in response to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer
Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer (born Cambria Station, Chester County, Pennsylvania, October 5, 1868; died December 8, 1936, Philadelphia, age 68) was an American biographer and historical writer. Biography He was the son of John Oberholtzer, a former schoolteacher who during Ellis' lifetime ran Willowdale Mills (now The Mill at Anselma in Chester Springs, Pennsylvania) and later became a successful grain merchant. Ellis' mother, Sara Louisa Vickers Oberholtzer, was a respected poet and social activist known for her work in abolition, post-Civil War social reform, and equal rights. Ellis had one brother named Vickers Oberholtzer. Ellis was educated at the University of Pennsylvania ( Ph. D., 1893), at German universities (Berlin and Heidelberg), and in Paris. He was on the editorial staff of the Philadelphia ''Evening Telegraph'' (1889–96), editor of ''The Manufacturer'' (1896-1900), and literary and dramatic editor of the Philadelphia ''Public Ledger'' (1902–08). He edited th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Burgess (political Scientist)
John William Burgess (August 26, 1844 – January 13, 1931) was an Americans, American political scientist. He spent most of his career at Columbia University where he in 1880 created the first graduate school in Political Science. He has been described as "the most influential political scientist of the period" and "the father of American political science." Early life and education Burgess was born in Cornersville, Tennessee, on August 26, 1844. His father was a staunch Whig Party (United States), Whig and part of the Tennessee planter aristocracy. His family, which held Slavery in the United States, slaves, were Union (American Civil War), unionists during the American Civil War, believing that slavery could more easily be maintained within a union with Northern states where the Northern states had to return Fugitive slaves in the United States, fugitive slaves to the South. He attended Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee, from September 1861 until February 1862 when ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louis Agassiz
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz ( ; ) FRS (For) FRSE (May 28, 1807 – December 14, 1873) was a Swiss-born American biologist and geologist who is recognized as a scholar of Earth's natural history. Spending his early life in Switzerland, he received a PhD at Erlangen and a medical degree in Munich. After studying with Georges Cuvier and Alexander von Humboldt in Paris, Agassiz was appointed professor of natural history at the University of Neuchâtel. He emigrated to the United States in 1847 after visiting Harvard University. He went on to become professor of zoology and geology at Harvard, to head its Lawrence Scientific School, and to found its Museum of Comparative Zoology. Agassiz is known for observational data gathering and analysis. He made institutional and scientific contributions to zoology, geology, and related areas, including multivolume research books running to thousands of pages. He is particularly known for his contributions to ichthyological classification, incl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James Ford Rhodes
James Ford Rhodes (May 1, 1848 – January 22, 1927), was an American industrialist and historian born in Cleveland, Ohio. After earning a fortune in the iron, coal, and steel industries by 1885, he retired from business to devote time to historical research. He wrote a seven-volume history of the United States from 1850, initially published from 1893 to 1906 with an eighth volume added in 1920. Another book, '' A History of the Civil War, 1861–1865'' (1918), won the second-ever Pulitzer Prize for History. Early life and education Cleveland was a center of the Connecticut Western Reserve, heavily settled by New Englanders like his parents. His father Daniel P. Rhodes was a Democrat and a friend of Stephen A. Douglas. He opposed the Lincoln administration during the Civil War; Rhodes said he was a " Copperhead." That caused problems for his sister, who was finally allowed to marry the up-and-coming Republican businessman-politician Mark Hanna. Rhodes attended New York Uni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Darwinism
Charles Darwin, after whom social Darwinism is named Social Darwinism is a body of pseudoscientific theories and societal practices that purport to apply biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology, economics and politics. Social Darwinists believe that the strong should see their wealth and power increase, while the weak should see their wealth and power decrease. Social Darwinist definitions of ''the strong'' and ''the weak'' vary, and differ on the precise mechanisms that reward strength and punish weakness. Many such views stress competition between individuals in ''laissez-faire'' capitalism, while others, emphasizing struggle between national or racial groups, support eugenics, racism, imperialism and/or fascism.Leonard, Thomas C. (2009"Origins of the Myth of Social Darwinism: The Ambiguous Legacy of Richard Hofstadter's Social Darwinism in American Thought" ''Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization'' 71, pp. 37–51. Today, scien ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peter Novick
Peter Novick (July 26, 1934, Jersey City – February 17, 2012, Chicago) was an American historian who was Professor of History at the University of Chicago. He was best known for writing ''That Noble Dream: The "Objectivity Question" and the American Historical Profession'' and '' The Holocaust in American Life''. The latter title has also been published as ''The Holocaust and Collective Memory'', especially for non-US anglophonic markets. Major works ''That Noble Dream'' ''That Noble Dream: The "Objectivity Question" and the American Historical Profession'' questions the origins and prevalence of the notion of objectivity in current and 20th century history. It focuses on developments in university history departments within the United States, though it traces the concept of objectivity in history's origins back to 19th century Germany and Leopold von Ranke. ''The Holocaust in American Life'' Jeffrey C. Alexander has examined Novick's "particularization of the Holocaust" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carpetbagger
In the history of the United States, carpetbagger is a largely historical pejorative used by Southerners to describe allegedly opportunistic or disruptive Northerners who came to the Southern states after the American Civil War and were perceived to be exploiting the local populace for their own financial, political, or social gain. The term broadly included both individuals who sought to promote Republican politics (including the right of African Americans to vote and hold office) and individuals who saw business and political opportunities because of the chaotic state of the local economies following the war. In practice, the term carpetbagger often was applied to any Northerners who were present in the South during the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877). The word is closely associated with scalawag, a similarly pejorative word used to describe native white Southerners who supported the Republican Party-led Reconstruction. White Southerners commonly denounced carpetbagger ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
