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Duke Jing Of Jin (Jujiu)
Duke Jing of Jin (), personal name Ji Jujiu, was the supposed last ruler of the Jin state, according to the ''Records of the Grand Historian''. He succeeded his father, Duke Huan, and was eventually overthrown by the states of Han, Zhao, and Wei that were founded by former aristocratic clans of Jin. However, the ''Records of the Grand Historian'' account of the last rulers of Jin is often self-contradictory, and is further contradicted by the ''Bamboo Annals'', which does not mention any Jin ruler after Duke Huan.'' Annals of Wei'', ''Bamboo Annals''. Historians such as Yang Kuan, Ch'ien Mu, and Han Zhaoqi generally regard the ''Bamboo Annals'' as more reliable, since it was unearthed from the tomb of King Xiang of Wei King Xiang of Wei (; died 296 BC), personal name Wei Si (), was king of the Wei state from 318 BC to 296 BC. He was the son of King Hui. In 318 BC, at the suggestion of the Wei minister Gongsun Yan, he entered into an alliance against the Qin .... Duke ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duke Jing Of Jin (Ju)
Duke Jing of Jin (), personal name Ji Ju or Ji Nou, was monarch of the Jin state from 599 BC to 581 BC. He succeeded his father, Duke Cheng, who died in 600 BC. Battle of Bi In 597 BC, the third year of Duke Jing's rule, King Zhuang of Chu attacked the State of Zheng, then a Jin ally. Duke Jing dispatched an army led by Xun Linfu (荀林父), Sui Hui (隨會), and Zhao Shuo (趙朔) to help Zheng. However, by the time the Jin army arrived Zheng had already surrendered to Chu. Xun Linfu wanted to return to Jin, but general Xian Hu (先縠) persuaded him to attack Chu. The Jin army was then decisively defeated at the Battle of Bi by the Chu and Zheng forces. After the battle King Zhuang of Chu was recognized as the Hegemon of China. Although Jin was weakened by the defeat, it was still one of the strongest states of China. Just two years later Jin attacked Zheng in retaliation for helping Chu in the Battle of Bi. Conquest of the Red Di Xian Hu, who was partly responsible for J ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wei (state)
Wei (; ) was one of the seven major states during the Warring States period of ancient China. It was created from the three-way Partition of Jin, together with Han and Zhao. Its territory lay between the states of Qin and Qi and included parts of modern-day Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, and Shandong. After its capital was moved from Anyi to Daliang (present-day Kaifeng) during the reign of King Hui, Wei was also called Liang (). Not to be confused with the Wey state 衞, which is still sometimes only differentiated by its Chinese character in scholarship. History Foundation Surviving sources trace the ruling house of Wei to the Zhou royalty: Gao, Duke of Bi (), was a son of King Wen of Zhou. His descendants took their surname, Bi, from his fief. Bi Wan () served the Jin, where he became a courtier of Duke Xian's. After a successful military expedition, Bi Wan was granted Wei, from which his own descendants then founded the house of Wei. Spring and Autumn period Jin's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Partition Of Jin
The Partition of Jin (), refers to the division of the State of Jin between rival families into the three states of Han, Zhao and Wei, a watershed event marking the division between the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. Proceeding from the Jin, the three states were often referred to as the "Three Jins" (). Because the process took several decades, there is some debate between scholars as to the year which best marks the true partition of Jin. state the most common dates picked by historians are 481, 475, 468, and 403 BCE. The last date, according to Sima Guang marks the conferring of Marquessates by King Weilie of Zhou on Wei Si, ruler of the State of Wei; Zhao Ji, ruler of the State of Zhao, and Han Qian, ruler of the State of Han. In 386 BCE, the states of Han, Wei and Zhao deposed Duke Jing of Jin and divided the last remaining Jin territory between themselves, which marked the end of the Jin state. Background Succession issues were constant in Jin as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
King Xiang Of Wei
King Xiang of Wei (; died 296 BC), personal name Wei Si (), was king of the Wei state from 318 BC to 296 BC. He was the son of King Hui. In 318 BC, at the suggestion of the Wei minister Gongsun Yan, he entered into an alliance against the Qin state created by King Huai of Chu which also included the states of Zhao, Han and Yan. Chu then betrayed this alliance. In 317 BC, at the suggestion of chancellor Zhang Yi, King Xiang entered into an alliance with Qin. To punish Chu for its betrayal of the five-state alliance, King Xiang sent an army in 312 BC to attack the city of Dengcheng in Chu (modern-day Shangshui County, Zhoukou, Henan Province). Wei itself was attacked by the Qi state in 310 BC, and King Xiang met King Wu of Qin at Linjin (modern-day Linyi County, Yuncheng, Shanxi Province). In 308 BC, the two kings met again at Yingcheng (modern-day part of Xiaogan, Hubei) to plan an attack on Han. In 306 BC, after the death of King Wu of Qin, Wei's alliance with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ch'ien Mu
Ch'ien Mu or Qian Mu (; 30 July 1895 – 30 August 1990) was a Chinese historian, philosopher and writer. He is considered to be one of the greatest historians and philosophers of 20th-century China. Ch'ien, together with Lü Simian, Chen Yinke and Chen Yuan, was known as the "Four Greatest Historians of Modern China" (). Life Early life: Jiangsu, Beijing Ch'ien Mu was born in Qifang Qiao Village (, ) in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. He was from the prestigious Qian (Ch'ien) family in Wuxi, with his ancestor said to be Qian Liu (852–932), founder of the Wuyue Kingdom (907–978) during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Ch'ien's biographer Jerry Dennerlien described his childhood world as the "small peasant cosmos" of rituals, festivals, and beliefs held the family system together. He received little formal education, but gained his knowledge on Chinese history and culture through traditional family school education and continuous self-study. At eighteen years old, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yang Kuan
Yang Kuan (1914 − September 1, 2005), styled Kuanzheng (寬正), was a Chinese historian specializing in pre-Qin dynasty Chinese history. He is considered an authority of the Warring States period, and his ''History of the Warring States'', first published in 1955, remains the most authoritative treatment of the subject. Early life and education Yang Kuan was born in Qingpu County, Jiangsu Province (now Qingpu District of Shanghai) in 1914. He attended the prestigious Suzhou High School, whose teachers included famous scholars Lü Shuxiang and Ch'ien Mu, one of the greatest historians of modern China. After high school Yang attended Kwang Hua University in Shanghai − a predecessor of today's East China Normal University − and graduated in 1936 with a degree in Chinese. At Kwang Hua he also studied history under the prominent historian Lü Simian. Doubting Antiquity School Yang Kuan gained fame at a young age. In 1933, aged 19, he published his first essay ''Pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bamboo Annals
The ''Bamboo Annals'' ( zh, t=竹書紀年, p=Zhúshū Jìnián), also known as the ''Ji Tomb Annals'' ( zh, t=汲冢紀年, p=Jí Zhǒng Jìnián), is a chronicle of ancient China. It begins in the earliest legendary time (the age of the Yellow Emperor) and extends to 299 BC, with the later centuries focusing on the history of the State of Wei in the Warring States period. It thus covers a similar period to Sima Qian's '' Records of the Grand Historian'' (91 BC). The original may have been lost during the Song dynasty, and the text is known today in two versions, a "current text" (or "modern text") of disputed authenticity and an incomplete "ancient text". Textual history The original text was buried with King Xiang of Wei (died 296 BC) and re-discovered nearly six centuries later in 281 AD ( Western Jin dynasty) in the Jizhong discovery. For this reason, the chronicle survived the burning of the books by Emperor Qin Shi Huang. Other texts recovered from the same tomb in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhao (state)
Zhao () was one of the seven major State (Ancient China), states during the Warring States period of ancient China. It emerged from the Partition of Jin, tripartite division of Jin, along with Han (Warring States), Han and Wei (state), Wei, in the 5th century BC. Zhao gained considerable strength from the military reforms initiated during the reign of King Wuling of Zhao, King Wuling, but suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Qin (state), Qin at the Battle of Changping. Its territory included areas in the modern provinces of Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi and Shaanxi. It bordered the states of Qin, Wei, and Yan (state), Yan, as well as various nomadic peoples including the Donghu people, Hu and Xiongnu. Its capital was Handan, in modern Hebei province. Zhao was home to the Chinese Legalism, administrative philosopher Shen Dao, Confucian Xun Kuang, and Gongsun Long, who is affiliated to the school of names. Origins and ascendancy The Zhao (surname), Zhao clan within Jin ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duke Jing Of Jin (Jiao)
Duke Jing of Jin (), personal name Ji Jiao, was from 451 BC to 434 BC the duke of the Jin state. The ''Bamboo Annals'' records his posthumous name as Duke Jing, while accounts by the Han dynasty historian Sima Qian in the ''Records of the Grand Historian'' are self-contradictory, referring to him as Duke Ai of Jin (晉哀公) in one chapter and Duke Yi of Jin (晉懿公) in another. Modern historians such as Yang Kuan, Ch'ien Mu, and Han Zhaoqi generally consider the ''Bamboo Annals'' more reliable, as it was unearthed from the tomb of King Xiang of Wei, one of the three successor states of Jin that emerged after the Partition of Jin. Reign Jin was a major power during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China, but it had become increasingly dominated by a few aristocratic clans. In 455 BC, near the end of the reign of Duke Jing's predecessor Duke Chu of Jin, the clans of Han, Zhao, and Wei defeated and annihilated Zhi, the most powerful clan, and effectively partitio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Han (Warring States)
Han was an ancient Chinese state during the Warring States period. Scholars frequently render the name as Hann to clearly distinguish it from China's later Han dynasty. It was located in central China (modern-day Shanxi and Henan) in a region south and east of Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Zhou. It was ruled by aristocrats of the Ji ( 姬) family ancestral temple who rose to power as a ministerial family in the state of Jin, and whose power eventually eclipsed that of the Jin ruling house. The partition of Jin which resulted in the states of Han, Wei, and Zhao, marked the beginning of the Warring States period. The state of Han was small and located in a mountainous and unprofitable region. Its territory directly blocked the passage of the state of Qin into the North China Plain.. Although Han had attempted to reform its governance (notably under Chancellor Shen Buhai who improved state administration and strengthened its military ability) these reforms were not enoug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Records Of The Grand Historian
The ''Shiji'', also known as ''Records of the Grand Historian'' or ''The Grand Scribe's Records'', is a Chinese historical text that is the first of the Twenty-Four Histories of imperial China. It was written during the late 2nd and early 1st centuries BC by the Han dynasty historian Sima Qian, building upon work begun by his father Sima Tan. The work covers a 2,500-year period from the age of the legendary Yellow Emperor to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han in the author's own time, and describes the world as it was known to the Chinese of the Western Han dynasty. The ''Shiji'' has been called a "foundational text in Chinese civilization". After Confucius and Qin Shi Huang, "Sima Qian was one of the creators of Imperial China, not least because by providing definitive biographies, he virtually created the two earlier figures." The ''Shiji'' set the model for all subsequent dynastic histories of China. In contrast to Western historiographical conventions, the ''Shiji'' does no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
