|
Duchy Of Gaeta
The Duchy of Gaeta () was an Early Middle Ages, early medieval state centered on the coastal Mezzogiorno, South Italian city of Gaeta. It began in the early ninth century as the local community began to grow autonomous as Byzantine Empire, Byzantine power lagged in the Mediterranean and the peninsula due to Lombards, Lombard and Saracens, Saracen incursions. The primary source for the history of Gaeta during its ducal period is the ''Codex Caietanus'', a collection of charters preserving Gaetan history better and in greater detail than that of its neighbouring coastal states: Naples, Amalfi, and Sorrento. In 778, it was the headquarters from which the patrikios, patrician of Sicily directed the campaign against the Saracen invaders of Campania. Rise of the Docibilans The first consul of Gaeta, Constantine of Gaeta, Constantine, who associated his son Marinus I of Gaeta, Marinus with him, was a Byzantine agent and a vassal of Andrew II of Naples. Constantine defended the city fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Catholicism
The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwide as of 2025. It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions and has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization.Gerald O'Collins, O'Collins, p. v (preface). The church consists of 24 Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites#Churches, ''sui iuris'' (autonomous) churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and Eparchy, eparchies List of Catholic dioceses (structured view), around the world, each overseen by one or more Bishops in the Catholic Church, bishops. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the Papal supremacy, chief pastor of the church. The core beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sorrento
Sorrento ( , ; ; ) is a City status in Italy, city and overlooking the Gulf of Naples, Bay of Naples in Southern Italy. A popular tourist destination, Sorrento is located on the Sorrentine Peninsula at the southern terminus of a main branch of the Circumvesuviana rail network, within easy access from Naples and Pompei. The city is widely known for its small ceramics, lacework and marquetry (woodwork) shops. The Sorrentine Peninsula has views of Naples, Mount Vesuvius, Vesuvius and the Isle of Capri. The Amalfi Drive, connecting Sorrento and Amalfi, is a narrow road along the high cliffs above the Tyrrhenian Sea. Ferries and hydrofoils connect the city to Naples, Amalfi, Positano, Capri and Ischia. Limoncello, a digestif made from lemon rinds, alcohol, water and sugar, is produced in Sorrento along with citrus fruit, wine, nuts and olives. History Origins The Roman name for Sorrento was . From the 8th century BC the area had the presence of a community of indigenous village ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Docibilis II Of Gaeta
Docibilis II (; 880 – c. 954) was the List of Hypati and Dukes of Gaeta, ruler of Gaeta, in one capacity or another, from 906 until his death. He was the son of the hypatus John I of Gaeta, John I, who made him co-ruler in 906 or thereabouts. Docibilis took part in the Battle of Garigliano in 915. In 930, he began adding the title of duke (), to his title of . This was meant to signify a new status or rank, though the Byzantine Empire, to which he was always legally a vassal, always recognised him merely as (ἄρχων). His father died in 933 or 934, and he subsequently became sole ruler. At that juncture, he began asserting his independence from the Byzantines. He abandoned the imperial dating by which charters were dated by the year of the emperor's reign and allied with Theobald I of Spoleto against the Greeks. Likewise, his wife Orania took the title of duchess, ''ducissa'', alongside ''hypatissa'', and he associated his son, John II of Gaeta, John II, with him in the d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ducatus Neapolitanus
The Duchy of Naples (, ) began as a Byzantine Empire, Byzantine province that was constituted in the seventh century, in the lands roughly corresponding to the current Metropolitan City of Naples, province of Naples that the Lombards had not conquered during their invasion of Italy in the sixth century. It was governed by a military commander (''dux''), and rapidly became a ''de facto'' independent state, lasting more than five centuries during the Early Middle Ages, Early and High Middle Ages. Metropolitan City of Naples, Naples remains a significant Metropolitan cities of Italy, metropolitan city in present-day Italy. Territory In the 7th century the Duchy included, in addition to Naples, the areas that the Lombards had failed to conquer. It extended into the area of the current metropolitan City of Naples, including, the Vesuvius red zone, Vesuvius zone, the Sorrento Peninsula and the island of Capri, the Phlegraean Fields, Phlegraean area and the islands of Ischia and Pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of The Garigliano
The Battle of Garigliano was fought in 915 between Christian forces and the Saracens. Pope John X personally led the Christian forces into battle. The aim was to destroy the Arab fortress on the Garigliano River, which had threatened central Italy and the outskirts of Rome for nearly 30 years. Background After a series of ravaging attacks against the main sites of the Lazio in the second half of the 9th century, the Aghlabids established a colony next to the ancient city of Minturnae, near the Garigliano River. Here they even formed alliances with the nearby Christian princes (notably the hypati of Gaeta), taking advantage of the division between them. In 909, the Aghlabid Dynasty had been overthrown and replaced by the Fatimids, who assumed control over their territories in North Africa and southern Italy. Pope John X, however, managed to reunite these princes in an alliance in order to oust the Fatimids from their dangerous strongpoint. The Christian armies united the pop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Ostia
The naval Battle of Ostia took place in 849 in the Tyrrhenian Sea between a Muslim fleet and an Italian league of Papal States, Papal, Duchy of Naples, Neapolitan, Duchy of Amalfi, Amalfitan, and Duchy of Gaeta, Gaetan ships. The battle ended in favor of the Italian league, as they defeated the Muslims. It is one of the few events to occur in southern Italy during the ninth century that is still commemorated today, largely through the walls named after Leo and for the Renaissance painting ''Battaglia di Ostia'' by Raphael. Background Starting in 827, Muslim forces began the Muslim conquest of Sicily, conquest of Sicily and from 835, the Aghlabids began campaigning on the Italian mainland. Their invasions of Calabria and Apulia, as well as their attacks on other central Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean islands, were probably undertaken as an extension of their conquest of Sicily, aiming to aid the conquest by attacking Byzantine Italy, Byzantine positions in the region. Rome was Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patricia Skinner (historian)
Patricia E. Skinner, FRHistS (born 1965) is a British historian and academic, specialising in Medieval Europe. She was until August 2020 Professor of History at Swansea University. She was previously Reader in Medieval History at the University of Winchester and Lecturer in Humanities at the University of Southampton. She has published extensively on the social history of southern Italy and health and medicine. With Dr Emily Cock, she started the project "Effaced from History: Facial Difference and its Impact from Antiquity to the Present Day" to study the history of facial disfigurement. Skinner received her PhD in Medieval History from the University of Birmingham in 1990. Her thesis on the Duchy of Gaeta was published in 1995 as ''Family Power in Southern Italy''. In 1997, she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society (FRHistS). She has been co-editor of '' Social History of Medicine'' since 2014, and a member of the council of the Royal Historical Society The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Docibilis I Of Gaeta
Docibilis I (; died before 914) was the hypatus of Gaeta from 867 until his death. The sudden disappearance of the co-hypati Constantine and Marinus I after 866 suggests that Docibilis' assumption of power was violent. He is first cited as a ''prefecturius'' and then as '' hypatus'' from 877, when he followed his predecessor's example and associated his son John with him. In his first years in office, he was faced with raids by the Aghlabids and he fell into their hands. After being liberated by Amalfi, he made peace with the Aghlabids and was excommunicated by Pope John VIII. In 876, the pope was down in the Mezzogiorno recruiting the princes of Capua and Salerno for the war with the Aghlabid Emirate of Sicily. Docibilis met the pope at Traetto, but could not come to terms. The pope then interfered in the Capuan succession on the death (879) of Landulf II to impose Pandenulf over Lando in return for Pandenulf attacking Docibilis. Formia was captured and Docibilis called up ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrew II Of Naples
Andrew II was the duke of Naples from 834 to 840. During his reign, he was constantly at war with the Lombards and he allowed Gaeta, his vassal, to move towards independence under its own consuls. In September 834, Andrew overthrew his son-in-law, Duke Leo, who had only been in power for six months. He immediately ceased paying the tribute to Prince Sicard of Benevento. In response, Sicard besieged Naples from May through July in 835, but reached a peace with the duke. In 836, he besieged Naples again despite their pact. Andrew garnered the ignominy of being the first to call in Saracen mercenaries to the Italian peninsula. The consequences of such an action were far-reaching. He signed the ''Pactum Sicardi'' with Sicard and the duchies of Amalfi and Sorrento on 4 July. It was supposed to be a five-year armistice during which merchants of the various coastal Greek cities were free to travel unmolested through the Principality of Benevento. However, the war continued, especially ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marinus I Of Gaeta
Marinus I was probably a Hypatus of Gaeta in association with his father from 839 or thereabouts until he disappears from records abruptly in 866. From the abruptness of his disappearance, he and his father are often supposed to have been deposed violently by their successor Docibilis I. Marinus witnessed his father's land grants in 839 and later records give him the title ''comes''. It has been suggested that a prefect Prefect (from the Latin ''praefectus'', substantive adjectival form of ''praeficere'': "put in front", meaning in charge) is a magisterial title of varying definition, but essentially refers to the leader of an administrative area. A prefect' ... of the name Kampulus was his son (Skinner, 35). Sources * Skinner, Patricia. ''Family Power in Southern Italy: The Duchy of Gaeta and its Neighbours, 850-1139''. Cambridge University Press: 1995. *Caravale, Mario (ed). ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani XL Di Fausto – Donadoni''. Rome, 1991. {{DEFAULTSOR ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Consul
Consul (abbrev. ''cos.''; Latin plural ''consules'') was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city-states through antiquity and the Middle Ages, in particular in the Republics of Genoa and Pisa, then revived in modern states, notably in the First French Republic. The related adjective is consular, from the Latin '' consularis''. This usage contrasts with modern terminology, where a consul is a type of diplomat. Roman consul A consul held the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic (509 to 27 BC), and ancient Romans considered the consulship the highest level of the '' cursus honorum'' (an ascending sequence of public offices to which politicians aspired). Consuls were elected to office and held power for one year. There were always two consuls in power at any time. Other uses in antiquity Private sphere It was not uncommon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
