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Desulfonation
In organic chemistry, the desulfonation reaction is the hydrolysis of sulfonic acids: :RC6H4SO3H + H2O → RC6H5 + H2SO4 The reaction applied to aryl and naphthylsulfonic acids. It is the reverse of sulfonation.Otto Lindner, Lars Rodefeld "Benzenesulfonic Acids and Their Derivatives" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. The temperature of desulfonation correlates with the ease of the sulfonation. : Applications in synthesis This reactivity is exploited in the regiospecific preparation of many di- and tri-substituted aromatic compounds. The approach exploits the meta-directing effect of the sulfonic acid group. 2-Chlorotoluene for example can be prepared by chlorination of p-toluenesulfonic acid, followed by hydrolysis. The method is also useful for the preparation of 2,6-dinitroaniline Dinitroanilines are a class of chemical compounds with the chemical formula C6H5N3O4. They are derived from both aniline and dinitrobenzenes. There ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sulfonic Acid
In organic chemistry, sulfonic acid (or sulphonic acid) refers to a member of the class of organosulfur compounds with the general formula , where R is an organic alkyl or aryl group and the group a sulfonyl hydroxide. As a substituent, it is known as a sulfo group. A sulfonic acid can be thought of as sulfuric acid with one hydroxyl group replaced by an organic substituent. The parent compound (with the organic substituent replaced by hydrogen) is the parent sulfonic acid, , a tautomer of sulfurous acid, . Salt (chemistry), Salts or esters of sulfonic acids are called sulfonates. Preparation Aryl sulfonic acids are produced by the process of sulfonation. Usually the sulfonating agent is sulfur trioxide. A large scale application of this method is the production of alkylbenzenesulfonic acids: : In this reaction, sulfur trioxide is an electrophile and the arene is the nucleophile. The reaction is an example of electrophilic aromatic substitution. In a related process, carboxyli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sulfonation
In organic chemistry, aromatic sulfonation is a reaction in which a hydrogen atom on an arene is replaced by a sulfonic acid () group. Together with nitration and chlorination, aromatic sulfonation is a widely used electrophilic aromatic substitutions. Aryl sulfonic acids are used as detergents, dye, and drugs. : Stoichiometry and mechanism Typical conditions involve heating the aromatic compound with sulfuric acid: : Sulfur trioxide or its protonated derivative is the actual electrophile in this electrophilic aromatic substitution. To drive the equilibrium, dehydrating agents such as thionyl chloride can be added: : Historically, mercurous sulfate has been used to catalyze the reaction. Chlorosulfuric acid is also an effective agent: : In contrast to aromatic nitration and most other electrophilic aromatic substitutions this reaction is reversible. Sulfonation takes place in concentrated acidic conditions and desulfonation is the mode of action in a dilute hot aqueou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Desulfonation Reaction Equation
In organic chemistry, the desulfonation reaction is the hydrolysis of sulfonic acids: :RC6H4SO3H + H2O → RC6H5 + H2SO4 The reaction applied to aryl and naphthylsulfonic acids. It is the reverse of sulfonation.Otto Lindner, Lars Rodefeld "Benzenesulfonic Acids and Their Derivatives" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. The temperature of desulfonation correlates with the ease of the sulfonation. : Applications in synthesis This reactivity is exploited in the regiospecific preparation of many di- and tri-substituted aromatic compounds. The approach exploits the meta-directing effect of the sulfonic acid group. 2-Chlorotoluene for example can be prepared by chlorination of p-toluenesulfonic acid, followed by hydrolysis. The method is also useful for the preparation of 2,6-dinitroaniline Dinitroanilines are a class of chemical compounds with the chemical formula C6H5N3O4. They are derived from both aniline and dinitrobenzenes. There ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the science, scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic matter, organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.Clayden, J.; Greeves, N. and Warren, S. (2012) ''Organic Chemistry''. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–15. . Study of structure determines their structural formula. Study of properties includes Physical property, physical and Chemical property, chemical properties, and evaluation of Reactivity (chemistry), chemical reactivity to understand their behavior. The study of organic reactions includes the organic synthesis, chemical synthesis of natural products, drugs, and polymers, and study of individual organic molecules in the laboratory and via theoretical (in silico) study. The range of chemicals studied chemistry includes hydrocarbons (compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen) as well as compounds based on carbon, but a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2-Chlorotoluene
Chlorotoluenes are aryl chlorides based on toluene in which at least one aromatic hydrogen atom is replaced with a chlorine atom. They have the general formula C7H8–''n''Cl''n'', where ''n'' = 1–5 is the number of chlorine atoms. Monochlorotoluene Monochlorotoluenes are chlorotoluenes containing one chlorine atom. There are three isomers, each with the formula C7H7Cl. Properties The isomers differ in the location of the chlorine, but have the same chemical formula. All have very similar boiling points, although ''p''-chlorotoluene has a much higher melting point due to a more tightly packed crystal structure. Benzyl chloride is an isomer, which has a chlorine substituted for one of the hydrogens of toluene's methyl group, and it is sometimes named α-chlorotoluene. Preparation A laboratory route to 2- and 4-chlorotoluene proceeds from 2- and 4-toluidines (i.e. 2- and 4-aminotoluene). These compounds are diazotized followed by treatment with cuprous chloride. Industr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dinitroaniline
Dinitroanilines are a class of chemical compounds with the chemical formula C6H5N3O4. They are derived from both aniline and dinitrobenzenes. There are six isomers: 2,3-dinitroaniline, 2,4-dinitroaniline, 2,5-dinitroaniline, 2,6-dinitroaniline, 3,4-dinitroaniline, and 3,5-dinitroaniline. Uses Dinitroanilines are intermediates in the preparation of various industrially important chemicals including dyes and pesticides. Dinitroaniline herbicides are mostly derived from trifluralin. Dinitroaniline herbicides include benfluralin, butralin, chlornidine, dinitramine, dipropalin, ethalfluralin, fluchloralin, isopropalin, methalpropalin, nitralin, nitrofor, oryzalin, pendimethalin, prodiamine, profluralin, and trifluralin. Trifluralin, pendimethalin and ethalfluralin are the most widely commercially used. Dinitroaniline herbicides generally are 2,6-dinitroanilines, work by inhibiting microtubule formation, have low to moderate human toxicity, high aquatic toxicity and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organic Reactions
Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. The basic organic chemistry reaction types are addition reactions, elimination reactions, substitution reactions, pericyclic reactions, rearrangement reactions, photochemical reactions and redox reactions. In organic synthesis, organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic molecules. The production of many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, fabrics depend on organic reactions. The oldest organic reactions are combustion of organic fuels and saponification of fats to make soap. Modern organic chemistry starts with the Wöhler synthesis in 1828. In the history of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry awards have been given for the invention of specific organic reactions such as the Grignard reaction in 1912, the Diels–Alder reaction in 1950, the Wittig reaction in 1979 and olefin metathesis in 2005. Classifications Organic chemistry has a strong tradition of naming a specif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
