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Democratic Schools
A democratic school refers to an alternative school that meets the following criteria: * Classes are voluntary. Learning is self-directed and takes place without a curriculum. * The school is run to the greatest possible extent by a direct democracy in which students and teachers have an equal voice in decision-making. * Students are free to spend their time as they choose, as long as they do not violate the rules made by the school community. Democratic schools are places where the concept of democratic education is put into practice and provide an environment for autodidacticism. The term was first used by the Democratic School of Hadera in 1987. Definition There is no common definition of a democratic school. However, all democratic schools refrain from imposing any obligations or unrequested assessment on the learning process of their students, i.e. foster self-directed learning, and are governed democratically. As a rule, the governing body is the school meeting. The Eu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daniel Greenberg (educator)
Daniel A. Greenberg (28 September 1934 – 2 December 2021), was one of the founders of the Sudbury Valley School, has published several books on the Sudbury model of school organization, and was described by Sudbury Valley School trustee Peter Gray as the "principal philosopher" among its founders. He was a physics professor at Columbia University Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Churc ..., and was described by Lois Holzman as the school's "chief 'philosophical writer'". Publications ;Books * 1964, ''Anaxagoras and the Birth of Physics'' with Daniel E. GershensonOCLC 899834* 1973, ''Announcing a New School: A Personal Account of the Beginnings of the Sudbury Valley School'', * 1974, ''Outline of a New Philosophy'', * 1987, ''Child Rearing'', * 1988, ''Early lessons : ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anarchism
Anarchism is a political philosophy and Political movement, movement that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate authority, coercion, or Social hierarchy, hierarchy, primarily targeting the state (polity), state and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with Stateless society, stateless societies and voluntary Free association (communism and anarchism), free associations. A historically left-wing movement, anarchism is usually described as the libertarian wing of the socialist movement (libertarian socialism). Although traces of anarchist ideas are found all throughout history, modern anarchism emerged from the Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment. During the latter half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century, the anarchist movement flourished in most parts of the world and had a significant role in Labour movement, workers' struggles for emancipation. #Schools of thought, Various anarchist schools of thought formed during ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Consensus Decision-making
Consensus decision-making is a group decision-making process in which participants work together to develop proposals for actions that achieve a broad acceptance. #Origin and meaning of term, Consensus is reached when everyone in the group ''assents'' to a decision (or almost everyone; see ''stand aside'') even if some do not fully agree to or support all aspects of it. It differs from simple unanimity, which requires all participants to support a decision. Consensus decision-making in a democracy is consensus democracy. Origin and meaning of term The word ''consensus'' is Latin meaning "agreement, accord", derived from ''consentire'' meaning "feel together". A noun, ''consensus'' can represent a generally accepted opinion – "general agreement or concord; harmony", "a majority of opinion" – or the outcome of a consensus decision-making process. This article refers to the process ''and'' the outcome (e.g. "to decide ''by'' consensus" and "''a'' consensus was reache ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quakers
Quakers are people who belong to the Religious Society of Friends, a historically Protestantism, Protestant Christian set of Christian denomination, denominations. Members refer to each other as Friends after in the Bible, and originally, others referred to them as Quakers because the founder of the movement, George Fox, told a judge to "quake before the authority of God". The Friends are generally united by a belief in each human's ability to be guided by the inward light to "make the witness of God" known to everyone. Quakers have traditionally professed a priesthood of all believers inspired by the First Epistle of Peter. They include those with Evangelical Friends Church International, evangelical, Holiness movement, holiness, liberal, and Conservative Friends, traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity, as well as Nontheist Quakers. To differing extents, the Friends avoid creeds and hierarchical structures. In 2017, there were an estimated 377,557 adult Quakers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gerard Endenburg Head
Gerard is a masculine forename of Proto-Germanic origin, variations of which exist in many Germanic and Romance languages. Like many other early Germanic names, it is dithematic, consisting of two meaningful constituents put together. In this case, those constituents are ''gari'' > ''ger-'' (meaning 'spear') and -''hard'' (meaning 'hard/strong/brave'). Common forms of the name are Gerard (English, Scottish, Irish, Dutch, Polish and Catalan); Gerrard (English, Scottish, Irish); (Italian, and Spanish); ( Portuguese); (Italian); (Northern Italian, now only a surname); (variant forms and , now only surnames, French); ( Irish); Gerhardt and Gerhart/ Gerhard/ Gerhardus (German, Dutch, and Afrikaans); ( Hungarian); ( Lithuanian) and / ( Latvian); (Greece). A few abbreviated forms are Gerry and Jerry (English); (German) and (Afrikaans and Dutch); (Afrikaans and Dutch); (Afrikaans); (Dutch) and ( Bulgarian). The introduction of the name 'Gerard' into the English lan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gerard Endenburg
Gerard Endenburg (born 1933) is a Dutch entrepreneur, who developed the Sociocratic Circle Organisation Method (SCM), which is a decision-making method for governing and managing organizations and societies based on equivalence and draws inspiration from cybernetics. Endenburg was inspired by the idea of sociocracy of Kees Boeke. Biography Endenburg was born in Rotterdam in 1933. He was a Quaker, and attended a Quaker boarding school, the hildren's Community Workshop where he was influenced by Kees Boeke and his wife Betty Cadbury and the ideas of sociocracy. The school involved students in consensus decision-making. He became general manager of his family's engineering company, Endenburg Elektrotechniek BV, in the mid-1960s, and in the 1970s started pioneering and applying the sociocratic method of organizing within the company.Quarter, J. (2000) ''Beyond the Bottom Line: Socially Innovative Business Owners'', Greenwood Press, p. 53-66. In 1978, Endenburg founded the Socioc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Democratic Schools
This is a list of some of the current and former democratic schools around the world. This list also includes sub-branches of democratic schools such as Sudbury schools inspired by the Sudbury Valley School and certain anarchistic free schools that align with the broad principles of democratic education. Australia New South Wales: * Currambena School Lane Cove, Sydney NSW Queensland: * Brisbane Independent School Pullenvale, Brisbane QLD Victoria: * Alia College Hawthorn East, Melbourne VIC * Preshil Kew, Melbourne VIC Brazil * Escola Lumiar (São Paulo) Canada * ALPHA Alternative School (Toronto) * Mont-Libre Agile Learning Centre (Montreal) * Rochdale College (Toronto) (closed) * SEED Alternative School (Toronto) Germany * Neue Schule Hamburg India * Walden's Path (Hyderabad) Israel * Democratic School of Hadera (Hadera) New Zealand * Auckland Metropolitan College, Mount Eden, Auckland (closed December 2001) * Ao Tawhiti Unlimited Discovery, Central Chr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Democratic Education Conference
The International Democratic Education Conference (IDEC) is an annual academic and youth conference hosted by a variety of schools and organizations in cities around the world. It is a global gathering of educators, students, parents, and advocates who are interested in democratic education. History IDEC was first held in 1993, and has been held in all subsequent years except 2001 (see notes). The length of the conferences has varied between two days for the first event and 15 days in 1997. The purpose of each conference has been decided by the school organising it. Notes: * ''IDEC 2001:'' The conference was to be held jointly and co-hosted by the Institute of Democratic Education in Israel and the Hope Flowers School in Palestine, but the international situation reduced it to a comparatively small event, attended mainly by Israelis, Palestinians and Germans; for that situation they was decided to call this conference the "Israeli Democratic Education Conference". * ''IDE ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yaacov Hecht
Yaacov Hecht (; born 1958 in Hadera), is an Israeli educator and proponent of democratic education. In 1987, he founded the first school in the world called a democratic school. Following that, he helped founding around 30 democratic schools in Israel. In 1993 he convened 'in Hadera the first IDEC- International Democratic Education Conference, an annual conference that continues to connect educators, schools, and organizations. That led to the emergence of hundreds of democratic schools all over the world. Career * In 1987, Hecht founded the Democratic School of Hadera, Israel, the first school in the world to call itself democratic. Due to the school's success, Hecht helped to establish a net of democratic schools all over Israel. * In 1993, he convened the first International Democratic Education Conference (IDEC); an annual conference that continues to connect educators, schools, and organizations. * In 1996 Hecht founded the Institute for Democratic Education in Israe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lycée Autogéré De Paris
In France, secondary education is in two stages: * ''Collèges'' () cater for the first four years of secondary education from the ages of 11 to 14. * ''Lycées'' () provide a three-year course of further secondary education for students between the ages of 15 and 19. Pupils are prepared for the ''baccalauréat'' (; baccalaureate, colloquially known as ''bac'', previously ''bachot''), which can lead to higher education studies or directly to professional life. There are three main types of ''baccalauréat'': the ''baccalauréat général'', ''baccalauréat technologique'' and ''baccalauréat professionnel''. School year The school year starts in early September and ends in early July. Metropolitan French school holidays are scheduled by the Ministry of Education by dividing the country into three zones (A, B, and C) to prevent overcrowding by family holidaymakers of tourist destinations, such as the Mediterranean coast and ski resorts. Lyon, for example, is in zone A, Marseille i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
François Mitterrand
François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 19168 January 1996) was a French politician and statesman who served as President of France from 1981 to 1995, the longest holder of that position in the history of France. As a former First Secretary of the Socialist Party, Socialist Party First Secretary, he was the first Left-wing politics, left-wing politician to assume the presidency under the French Fifth Republic, Fifth Republic. Due to family influences, Mitterrand started his political life on the Catholic nationalist right. He served under the Vichy France, Vichy regime during its earlier years. Subsequently, he joined the French Resistance, Resistance, moved to the left, and held ministerial office several times under the French Fourth Republic, Fourth Republic. Mitterrand opposed Charles de Gaulle's establishment of the Fifth Republic. Although at times a politically isolated figure, he outmanoeuvred rivals to become the left's standard bearer in the 1965 French pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
