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Dawes Plan
The Dawes Plan temporarily resolved the issue of the reparations that Germany owed to the Allies of World War I. Enacted in 1924, it ended the crisis in European diplomacy that occurred after French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr in response to Germany's failure to meet its reparations obligations. The Plan set up a staggered schedule for Germany's payment of war reparations, provided for a large loan to stabilise the German currency and ended the occupation of the Ruhr. It resulted in a brief period of economic recovery in the second half of the 1920s, although it came at the price of a heavy reliance on foreign capital. The Dawes Plan was superseded by the Young Plan in 1929. Because the Plan resolved a serious international crisis, the American Charles G. Dawes, who headed the group that developed it, received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925. Background At the end of World War I, the Allied Powers included in the Treaty of Versailles a plan for the reparations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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World War I Reparations
Following their defeat in World War I, the Central Powers agreed to pay war reparations to the Allied Powers. Each defeated power was required to make payments in either cash or kind. Because of the financial situation in Austria, Hungary, and Turkey after the war, few to no reparations were paid and the requirements for reparations were cancelled. Bulgaria, having paid only a fraction of what was required, saw its reparation figure reduced and then cancelled. Historians have recognized the German requirement to pay reparations as the "chief battleground of the post-war era" and "the focus of the power struggle between France and Germany over whether the Versailles Treaty was to be enforced or revised." The Treaty of Versailles (signed in 1919) and the 1921 London Schedule of Payments required the Central Powers to pay 132 billion gold marks at the time which is US$605. billion in 2025) in reparations to cover civilian damage caused during the war. This figure was divide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Gustav Stresemann
Gustav Ernst Stresemann (; 10 May 1878 – 3 October 1929) was a German statesman during the Weimar Republic who served as Chancellor of Germany#First German Republic (Weimar Republic, 1919–1933), chancellor of Germany from August to November 1923 and as Foreign Minister of Germany, foreign minister from 1923 to 1929. His most notable achievement was the reconciliation between Germany and France, for which he and French Prime Minister Aristide Briand received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926. During a period of political instability and fragile, short-lived governments, Stresemann was seen at his death as "the person who maintained the precarious balance of the political system." Stresemann attended the Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Berlin and Leipzig University, where he studied political economy, history and international law and developed his vision of liberalism and nationalism, a combination of views that would define his political career. After obtaining his do ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Nazi Party
The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( or NSDAP), was a far-right politics, far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism. Its precursor, the German Workers' Party (; DAP), existed from 1919 to 1920. The Nazi Party emerged from the Extremism, extremist German nationalism, German nationalist ("Völkisch nationalism, ''Völkisch'' nationalist"), racism, racist, and populism, populist paramilitary culture, which fought against communism, communist uprisings in post–World War I Germany. The party was created to draw workers away from communism and into nationalism. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeoisie, and anti-capitalism, disingenuously using socialist rhetoric to gain the support of the lower middle class; it was later downplayed to gain the support of business leaders. By the 1930s, the party's main focus shifted to Antisemit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Communist Party Of Germany
The Communist Party of Germany (, ; KPD ) was a major Far-left politics, far-left political party in the Weimar Republic during the interwar period, German resistance to Nazism, underground resistance movement in Nazi Germany, and minor party in Allied-occupied Germany and West Germany during History of Germany (1945–1990), the post-war period until it Merger of the KPD and SPD, merged with the Social Democratic Party of Germany, SPD in the Soviet occupation zone in 1946 and was banned by the West German Federal Constitutional Court in 1956. The construction of the KPD began in the aftermath of the First World War by the Rosa Luxemburg, Rosa Luxembourg's and Karl Liebknecht's faction of the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) who had opposed World War I, the war and Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany, the Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD)'s Burgfriedenspolitik, support of it. The KPD joined the Spartacist uprising of January 1919, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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May 1924 German Federal Election
A federal election for the second Reichstag of the Weimar Republic was held in Germany on 4 May 1924. It took place following a series of national crises in 1923, most notably the occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian troops and the resulting period of hyperinflation. The election campaign was marked by strong ideological differences over how the government had handled the problems. In the voting, the parties of the far left and far right made significant gains at the expense of the moderate parties that had been in the government or had supported it. The splintered party groupings in the new Reichstag made it impossible to form a majority coalition. The government led by Wilhelm Marx of the Centre Party therefore continued in office, but his cabinet – already the eleventh government of the Weimar Republic – lasted only a little over six months before Marx requested a new election. Background The election of 4 May 1924 took place in the wake of a number of nat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Wall Street
Wall Street is a street in the Financial District, Manhattan, Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It runs eight city blocks between Broadway (Manhattan), Broadway in the west and South Street (Manhattan), South Street and the East River in the east with a length of just under 2,000 feet. The term "Wall Street" has become a Metonymy, metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, the Financial services in the United States, American financial services industry, New York–based financial interests, or the Financial District. Anchored by Wall Street, New York has been described as the world's principal fintech and financial center. The street was originally known in Dutch language, Dutch as ''Het Cingel'' ("the Belt") when it was part of New Amsterdam during the 17th century. An actual city wall existed on the street from 1653 to 1699. During the 18th century, the location served as a slave market and Security (finance), securities ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Reichsbank
The ''Reichsbank'' (; ) was the central bank of the German Empire from 1876 until the end of Nazi Germany in 1945. Background The monetary institutions in Germany had been unsuited for its economic development for several decades before unification. In the Kingdom of Prussia, the Bank of Prussia had been established in 1847 and, in the aftermath of the German revolutions of 1848–1849, revolution of 1848, five additional banks had been granted a note-issuance privilege (the , , , at Stettin, and ), but that was still insufficient to sustain adequate monetary conditions. By 1851, 9 banks in the whole of Germany (not including Austria) were chartered to issue banknotes, known as . In addition, most German states - with the only exceptions of Principality of Lippe, Lippe and the Hanseatic cities of Free City of Bremen, Bremen, Free City of Hamburg, Hamburg and Free City of Lübeck, Lübeck - issued government paper money without the intermediation of an issuing bank. Several pan- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Deutsche Reichsbahn
The ''Deutsche Reichsbahn'' (), also known as the German National Railway, the German State Railway, German Reich Railway, and the German Imperial Railway, was the Weimar Republic, German national Rail transport, railway system created after the end of World War I from the regional railways of the individual states of the German Empire. The ''Deutsche Reichsbahn'' has been described as "the largest enterprise in the capitalist world in the years between 1920 and 1932"; nevertheless, its importance "arises primarily from the fact that the Reichsbahn was at the center of events in a period of great turmoil in German history". Overview The company was founded on 1 April 1920 as the ("German Imperial Railways") when the Weimar Republic, which still used the nation-state term of the previous monarchy, (German Reich, hence the usage of the in the name of the railway; the monarchical term was ), took national control of the German railways, which had previously been run by the Ger ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Deutsche Äussere Anleihe 1924
Deutsch ( , ) or Deutsche ( , ) may refer to: * or : the German language or in particular Standard German, spoken in central European countries and other places *Old High German language refers to Deutsch as a way to define the primary characteristic of the people of the land with importance given to masculine strength - Dhaithya in Samskrutham (aka Sanskrit) meaning a physically very strong man, who is not concerned about his actions and their consequences that use his strength, as he is blinded by the temporary power he possesses at the moment. *: Germans, as a weak masculine, feminine, or plural demonym * ''Deutsch'' (word), originally referring to the Germanic vernaculars of the Early Middle Ages Businesses and organisations *André Deutsch, an imprint of Carlton Publishing Group * Deutsch Inc., a former American advertising agency that split in 2020 into: **Deutsch NY, a New York City-based advertising agency * Deutsche Aerospace AG *Deutsche Akademie, a cultural organisat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Owen D
Owen may refer to: People and fictional characters * Owen (name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the given name or surname Places United States * Owen, Missouri, a ghost town * Owen, Wisconsin * Owen County, Indiana * Owen County, Kentucky * Owen Township (other) * Mount Owen (Colorado) * Mount Owen (Wyoming) Elsewhere * Owen Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica * Owen Sound, a city in Ontario, Canada * Owen, South Australia, a small town * Owen, Germany, town in Baden-Württemberg * Mount Owen (other) * Port Owen, South Africa Ships * , a destroyer that took part in World War II and the Korean War * , a British Royal Navy frigate Other uses * Owen (automobile), an American car made from 1910 to 1914 * Owen (musician), a solo project of American indie rock singer-songwriter Mike Kinsella ** ''Owen'' (album), a 2001 album * Owen (hippopotamus), a young orphan hippopotamus who formed a bond with a giant tortoi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Robert Kindersley, 1st Baron Kindersley
Robert Molesworth Kindersley, 1st Baron Kindersley (21 November 1871 – 20 July 1954) was an England, English Businessperson, businessman, stockbroker, merchant banker, and public servant who organised the National Savings Movement. Background Kindersley was born in Wanstead, Essex, the son of Edward Nassau Molesworth Kindersley, of Sherborne, Dorset, and Ada Good, daughter of John Murray. His father was an Old Etonian and Oxford graduate from a wealthy family who had been a Captain (British Army and Royal Marines), captain in the Green Howards and the British Indian Army, Indian Army, but had fallen on hard times since resigning his commission and becoming a Pharmacist, chemist, working for Scott & Co. Chemical Works at Bow, London; he was also a director of the Anglo American Leather Cloth Company. Kindersley was educated at Repton School but was forced to leave in 1887 when his father could no longer afford the fees. Kindersley was the great-grandson of the civil servant and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp
Josiah Charles Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp (21 June 1880 – 16 April 1941) was an English industrialist, economist, civil servant, statistician, writer, and banker. He was a director of the Bank of England and chairman of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. Life and career Stamp was born in Hampstead, London, the third of seven children; his youngest brother Laurence Dudley Stamp, L. Dudley Stamp was known as a geographer. At the time of his birth his father owned and managed a provision and general shop in London. Stamp was educated at Bethany School, Goudhurst in Kent. He left at 16 and joined the Civil Service as a boy clerk in the Inland Revenue Department. With a brief interval in the Board of Trade, he rose to assistant inspector of taxes at Hereford in 1903, an inspector of taxes in London in 1909, and assistant secretary in 1916. Meanwhile, Stamp was studying economics as an external student. He was awarded a first class degree (1911) by the University of London and a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |