|
Years Of Lead (Italy)
The Years of Lead () were a period of political violence and social upheaval in Italy that lasted from the late 1960s until the late 1980s, marked by a wave of both far-left and far-right incidents of political terrorism and violent clashes. The Years of Lead are sometimes considered to have begun with the 1968 movement in Italy and the Hot Autumn strike action , strikes starting in 1969; the death of the policeman Antonio Annarumma in November 1969; the Piazza Fontana bombing in December of that year, which killed 17 and was perpetrated by right-wing terrorists in Milan; and the death shortly after of anarchist worker Giuseppe Pinelli while in police custody under suspicion of being responsible for the attack, which he was ultimately deemed as not having committed. A far-left group, the Red Brigades, eventually became notorious as a terrorist organization during the period; in 1978, they Kidnapping of Aldo Moro, kidnapped and assassinated former Italian prime minister Aldo Mor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cold War
The Cold War was a period of global Geopolitics, geopolitical rivalry between the United States (US) and the Soviet Union (USSR) and their respective allies, the capitalist Western Bloc and communist Eastern Bloc, which lasted from 1947 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The term ''Cold war (term), cold war'' is used because there was no direct fighting between the two superpowers, though each supported opposing sides in regional conflicts known as proxy wars. In addition to the struggle for ideological and economic influence and an arms race in both conventional and Nuclear arms race, nuclear weapons, the Cold War was expressed through technological rivalries such as the Space Race, espionage, propaganda campaigns, Economic sanctions, embargoes, and sports diplomacy. After the end of World War II in 1945, during which the US and USSR had been allies, the USSR installed satellite state, satellite governments in its occupied territories in Eastern Europe and N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polizia Di Stato
The (State Police or P.S.) is one of the national Law enforcement in Italy, police forces of Italy. Alongside the Carabinieri, it is the main police force for providing police duties, primarily to cities and large towns, and with its child agencies it is also responsible for highway patrol (), railways (), airports (), customs (together with the Guardia di Finanza), as well as certain waterways, and assisting the local police forces. It was a military force until 1981 when the Italian State Law 121 was passed. This converted the State Police to a civil force, which is in contrast to the other main police forces of Italy: the ''Carabinieri, Arma dei Carabinieri'', which is a military police (gendarmerie) force and the Guardia di Finanza, the Italian customs and border protection police that also falls in the military corps category. The Polizia di Stato is the principal Italian police force for the maintenance of public security and as such it is run directly by the Department o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Red Army Faction
The Red Army Faction (, ; RAF ),See the section "Name" also known as the Baader–Meinhof Group or Baader–Meinhof Gang ( ), was a West German far-left militant group founded in 1970 and active until 1998, considered a terrorist organisation by the West German government."24 June 1976: The West German parliament passed the German Emergency Acts, which criminalized 'supporting or participating in a terrorist organization,' into the Basic Law." ; "''Dümlein Christine'',... Joined the RAF in 1980,... the only crime she was guilty of was membership in a terrorist organization" . The RAF described itself as a communist and anti-imperialist urban guerrilla group. It was engaged in armed resistance against what it considered a fascist state. Members of the RAF generally used the Marxist–Leninist term " faction" when they wrote in English. Early leadership included Andreas Baader, Ulrike Meinhof, Gudrun Ensslin, and Horst Mahler. The RAF engaged in a series of bombing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuclei Armati Proletari
The Armed Proletarian Cells (, abbreviated NAP) was far-left terrorist group active in Southern Italy, from 1974 to 1977, during the so-called " Years of Lead". NAP was responsible for numerous terrorist acts. Organization In contrast to the Red Brigades, NAP was structured "horizontally", with independently constituted cells. Incarcerated members of NAP were looking for new members and supporters among criminal prisoners, defining them as "sub-proletarian class".Rossella Ferrigno, ''"Nuclei Armati Proletari - Carceri, protesta, lotta armata"'', Edizioni La Città del Sole, Napoli, 2008, See also * Communist terrorism * Red Brigades The Red Brigades ( , often abbreviated BR) were an Italian far-left Marxist–Leninist militant group. It was responsible for numerous violent incidents during Italy's Years of Lead, including the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro in 1978, ... * Prima Linea * Armed Proletarians for Communism References {{Authority control 1974 establ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Autonomia Operaia
Autonomia Operaia ( Italian for "Workers' Autonomy") was an Italian far-left movement particularly active from 1973 to 1979. It played an important role in the Italian autonomist movement in the 1970s, alongside earlier organisations such as Potere Operaio, which was created after May 1968, and Lotta Continua. Beginning The autonomist movement gathered itself around the free radio movement, such as Onda Rossa in Rome, Radio Alice in Bologna, Controradio in Firenze, Radio Sherwood in Padova, and other local radios, giving it a diffusion in the whole country. It also published several newspapers and magazines which were circulated nationally, including ''Rosso'' in Milan, '' I Volsci'' in Rome, ''Autonomia'' in Padua and '' A/traverso'' in Bologna. It was a decentralized, localist network or "area" of movements, particularly strong in Rome, Milan, Padua and Bologna, but at its height in 1977 was also often present in small towns and villages where not even the Italian Commun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potere Operaio
Potere Operaio (English: "Workers' Power") was a radical left-wing Italian political group, active between 1967 and 1973. Among the group's leaders were Antonio ('Toni') Negri, Nanni Balestrini, Franco Piperno, Oreste Scalzone and Valerio Morucci, who led its clandestine armed wing. It was part of the "workerist" movement (''operaismo''), leading to the later development of the autonomist movement. Potere Operaio's main sphere of operations was in factories, especially big factories in the industrial North, and publishing newspapers and leaflets. It sought to base its Marxist theory on the everyday life of supposedly revolutionary factory workers. Potere Operaio officially ceased to exist on 3 June 1973. Most of its core members went on to be involved in Autonomia Operaia, signalling the shift from operaismo to autonomism. Some of the leaders later drifted towards more radical groups such as the Red Brigades, including Morucci and Adriana Faranda, who took part in the Mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lotta Continua
Lotta Continua (LC; ) was a Far-left politics, far-left militant organization in Italy, during the historical period of social turmoil and political violence in the country known as the "Years of Lead (Italy), Years of Lead". Its leaders Adriano Sofri and Giorgio Pietrostefani ordered the assassination of police officer Luigi Calabresi in 1972. Militant Cesare Battisti (terrorist), Cesare Battisti later joined other organizations and repaired in France after being convicted for four homicides. Some other militants later joined the more famous Red Brigades. After the disbandment of the organization, various former militants became influential Italian politicians, journalists or writers. Lotta Continua was founded in autumn 1969 by a split in the student-worker movement of Turin, which had started militant activity at the universities and factories such as Fiat. The first issue of ''Lotta Continua'' (LC's eponymous newspaper) was published in November 1969, and publication contin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armed Proletarians For Communism
Armed Proletarians for Communism (Italian ''Proletari Armati per il Comunismo'' or PAC) was an Italian far-left terrorist group founded in 1976 and disbanded three years later, during the " Years of Lead". History Armed Proletarians for Communism was founded in 1976, as one of the numerous armed groups spun out of Italian Autonomism (''Autonomia Operaia''). As opposed to the Red Brigades, the PAC was structured "horizontally", with independently constituted cells with their own actions. Most of the early members were young workers, unemployed people and teachers. An estimate 60 people were involved in the groupValerio Evangelisti, ''Valerio Evangelisti Répond À 50 Questions''/ref> in Lombardy and Veneto. The leaders of the PAC were Sebastiano Masala and Arrigo Cavallina who was considered to be the ideologue of the group. The group was dissolved in 1979. Fred Vargas« Cesare Battisti : À la recherche de la justice perdue » ''in'' ''La Règle du Jeu'', n°30 (01/2006) Doct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
October 22 Group
The October 22 Group (Italian: ''Gruppo XXII Ottobre'') was an Italian terrorist organisation, inspired by the Uruguayan Tupamaros, established on 22 October 1969 and dismantled by police in 1971. Leadership and ideology The group was led by Mario Rossi (Italian Terrorist), Mario Rossi, an animal embalmer, and Augusto Viel, an electronics technician. Mario Rossi was a former communist who wanted to unite the workers of Italy to prevent the return of fascism. Mario Rossi created the October 22 Group to unite workers after seeing their struggles in his everyday life. He was inspired by the numerous worker riots in the 1960s that occurred at the factory he worked at in Milan. He spread his ideals to his friends and that was the basis of the October 22 Group. Others in the group were former members of the Italian Communist Party who left because they were dissatisfied with the groups inability to enact change within the government The October 22 Group was inspired by left-wing, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prima Linea
Prima Linea (in English: "Front Line", literally "First Line") was an Italian Marxist–Leninist terrorist group, active in the country from the late 1970s until the early 1980s. Context Following the 1969-70 large-scale series of industrial action in Northern Italy, the acts of civil disobedience and mass demonstrations often turned to violent confrontations between leftist militants and the law enforcement authorities of the Italian state. A period of unprecedented social conflict in the urban centers of Italy began, with acts of violence carried out almost daily by both right- and left-wing organizations. Many militants of both extremes turned to urban guerrilla warfare, officially designated as terrorism. Background and creation A movement of autonomist ideology was formulating among leftist youth in 1974, the same year that the organization ''Comitati comunisti per il potere operaio'' ("Communist Committees for Worker Power") moved to establish a "military network". ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Red Brigades
The Red Brigades ( , often abbreviated BR) were an Italian far-left Marxist–Leninist militant group. It was responsible for numerous violent incidents during Italy's Years of Lead, including the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro in 1978, a former prime minister of Italy through the organic centre-left. The assassination of Moro was a national shock in Italy, as was that of left-wing trade unionist Guido Rossa in January 1979. Sandro Pertini, the then left-wing president of Italy, said at Rossa's funeral: "It is not the President of the Republic speaking, but comrade Pertini. I knew he realred brigades: they fought with me against the fascists, not against democrats. For shame!" Formed in 1970, the Red Brigades sought to create a revolutionary state through armed struggle, and to remove Italy from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The organization attained notoriety in the 1970s and early 1980s with their violent acts of sabotage, bank robberies, the kn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
