|
Witotoan Languages
Witotoan (also Huitotoan or Uitotoan, occasionally known as Huitoto–Ocaina to distinguish it from Bora–Witoto) is a small language family of southeastern Colombia ( Amazonas Department) and the neighbouring region of Peru. Genetic relations Aschmann (1993) proposed that the Boran and Witotoan language families were related, in a '' Bora–Witoto'' stock. Echeverri & Seifart (2016) refute the connection. Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Pijao, Yaruro, Arawak, Bora-Muinane, Choko, and Tukano language families due to contact. Some of this contact had occurred due to the expansion of Witotoan speakers down the Putumayo River. Family division *Witotoan ** Ocaina (also rendered Okaina) ** Witoto Proper *** Nïpode (also known as Nüpode, Nipode Huitoto, Nipode Witoto, Witoto Muinane, Muinane Huitoto, Muiname) ***Mïnïca–Murai **** Mïnïca (also known as Witoto Meneca, Meneca, Meneka, Noaiko-Muína, Southern Witoto, Mini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bora–Witoto Languages
Bora–Witóto (also Bora–Huitoto, Bora–Uitoto, or, ambiguously, Witotoan) is a proposal to unite the Boran and Witotoan language families of southwestern Colombia ( Amazonas Department) and neighboring regions of Peru and Brazil. Kaufman (1994) added the Andoque language. Family division * Boran * Witotoan (or Witoto–Ocaina) Kaufman (1994) lists Bóran and Witótoan (Huitoto–Ocaina) as separate families (they are grouped together with Andoque as ''Bora–Witótoan''; by 2007 he moved Andoque to Witotoan). (Note that Andoque was later demonstrated to be part of the Andoque–Urequena family.) Genetic relations Aschmann (1993) proposed Bora–Witoto as a connection between the Boran and Witotoan language families. Echeverri & Seifart (2016) refute the connection. Kaufman (2007) includes Bora-Witoto in his Macro-Andean proposal, and added the Andoque language to the Witotoan family.Kaufman, Terrence. 2007. South America. In: R. E. Asher and Christopher Moseley (eds ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nonuya Language
Nonuya (''Nononotá, Nyonuhu, Nonuña, Achiote)'' is a Witotoan language formerly spoken in Colombia and Peru that is now nearly extinct. Genocide, disease, and forced migration caused the Sparrowhawk and Backpacker tribes to form families with the Andoke and the Muinane to create the Nonuya community. Most Nonuya have Muinane and Spanish as their native languages. There are no surviving Nonuya people with Nononotá as their mother tongue as the last native speaker died in 2003. However, the Nonuya community has recently reestablished itself, and is attempting to revitalize its culture through revitalizing its language. The Nonuya use the available documentation created by the last native speakers between 1973 and 2007, which include prayers, songs, and a lexicon, to relearn the language. These documents are accessible today in audio files and transcripts which can be used for practical spelling. Phonology Some of the only linguistic research on Nonuya was on its phonological ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Čestmír Loukotka
Čestmír Loukotka (12 November 1895 – 13 April 1966) was a Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovak linguist and ethnologist. His daughter was Jarmila Loukotková. Career Loukotka proposed a Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas#Loukotka (1968), classification for the languages of South America based on several previous works. This classification contained many unpublished materials and therefore greatly improved upon previous classifications. He divided the languages of South America and the Caribbean into 77 different families, based upon similarities of vocabulary and available lists. His classification of 1968 is the most influential and was based upon two previous schemes (1935, 1944), which were similar to those proposed by Paul Rivet (whom he was a student of), although the number of families was increased to 94 and 114. *reviewed in References 1895 births 1958 deaths Linguists from Czechoslovakia Historical linguists Linguists of Indigenous lang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bureau Of American Ethnology
The Bureau of American Ethnology (or BAE, originally, Bureau of Ethnology) was established in 1879 by an act of Congress for the purpose of transferring archives, records and materials relating to the Indians of North America from the Department of the Interior to the Smithsonian Institution. But from the start, the bureau's visionary founding director, John Wesley Powell, promoted a broader mission: "to organize anthropologic research in America." Under Powell, the bureau organized research-intensive multi-year projects; sponsored ethnographic, archaeological and linguistic field research; initiated publications series (most notably its Annual Reports and Bulletins); and promoted the fledgling discipline of anthropology. It prepared exhibits for expositions and collected anthropological artifacts for the Smithsonian United States National Museum. In addition, the BAE was the official repository of documents concerning American Indians collected by the various US geological su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution ( ), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums, Education center, education and Research institute, research centers, created by the Federal government of the United States, U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge". Founded on August 10, 1846, it operates as a trust instrumentality and is not formally a part of any of the Federal government of the United States#branches, three branches of the federal government. The institution is named after its founding donor, British scientist James Smithson. It was originally organized as the United States National Museum, but that name ceased to exist administratively in 1967. The Smithsonian Institution has historical holdings of over 157 million items, 21 museums, 21 libraries, 14 education and research centers, a zoo, and historical and architectural landmarks, mostly located in Washington, D.C. Additional facilities are located in Maryland, New York (state), New York, and Virg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Alden Mason
John Alden Mason (January 14, 1885 – November 7, 1967) was an American archaeological anthropologist and linguist. Mason was born in Orland, Indiana, but grew up in Philadelphia's Germantown. He received his undergraduate degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1907 and a doctorate from the University of California, Berkeley in 1911. His dissertation was an ethnographic study of the Salinan Amerindian ethnic group of California. He also authored a number of linguistic studies, including a study of Piman languages. His later ethnographic works included studies of the Tepehuan. The first series of Juan Bobo stories published in the U.S. occurred in 1921. They appeared in the ''Journal of American Folklore'' under the title ''Porto Rican Folklore'', and were collected by Mason from Puerto Rican school children. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tucanoan
Tucanoan (also Tukanoan, Tukánoan) is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arutani, Paez, Sape, Taruma, Witoto-Okaina, Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri, Pano, Barbakoa, Bora-Muinane, and Choko language families due to contact. Classification Chacon (2014) There are two dozen Tucanoan languages. There is a clear binary split between Eastern Tucanoan and Western Tucanoan.Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019. The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки'. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, Higher School of Economics, October 17, 2019. * Tucanoan ** Western Tucanoan *** ? Cueretú (Kueretú) *** Napo **** Orejón ( M'áíhɨ̃ki, Maijiki, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payowahe, Payawá) **** Corregua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orejón Language
''Enterolobium cyclocarpum'', commonly known as conacaste, guanacaste, caro caro, devil's ear tree, monkey-ear tree, or elephant-ear tree, is a species of flowering tree in the family Fabaceae, that is native to Tropics, tropical regions of the Americas, from central Mexico south to northern Brazil (Roraima) and Venezuela. It is known for its large proportions, expansive, often spherical crown, and curiously shaped seedpods. The abundance of this tree, especially in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, where it is prized for the shady relief it provides from the intense sun, coupled with its immensity, have made it a widely recognized species. It is the national symbol, national tree of Costa Rica. In North America, it is often called elephant-ear tree, due to the shape of the seedpods. Other common names include devil's ear and earpod tree, ''parota'', and ''orejón'' (Spanish) orhuanacaxtle'' (Nahuatl language, Nahuatl). In El Salvador, it is known as ''conacaste''. In the Yucat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muinane Language
Muinane is an indigenous American language spoken in Colombia. Classification Muinane belongs to the Boran language family, along with Bora. Geographic distribution Muinane is spoken by 150 people in Colombia along the Upper Cahuinarí river in the Department of Amazonas. There may be some speakers in Peru. Phonology Consonants * Voiceless stops and affricates contrast with their geminate counterparts: . Vowels Tone There are two tones in Muinane: high and low. Grammar Word order in Muinane is generally SOV. Case marking is nominative–accusative. Vocabulary Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Muinane: : Writing System Muinane is written using a Latin alphabet. A chart of symbols with the sounds they represent is as follows: *Palatalized consonants are written using the unpalatalized forms plus y: ty , dy , ry . For the purposes of alphabetization, these are considered sequences of letters. *Tone is not generally indicated in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andoque Language
Andoque is a language spoken by a few hundred Andoque people in Colombia, and is in decline. There were 10,000 speakers in 1908, down to 370 a century later, of which at most 50 are monolingual. The remaining speakers live in four residential areas in the region of the Anduche River, downstream from Araracuara, Solano, Caquetá, Colombia; the language is no longer spoken in Peru. Most speakers shifted to Spanish. Classification Andoque may be related to the extinct Urequena language (also ''Urekena'' or ''Arequena'') which is known only from a single 19th century wordlist. Kaufman's (2007) ''Bora–Witótoan stock'' includes Andoque in the Witótoan family, but other linguists, such as Richard Aschmann, consider Andoque an isolate. Phonology Andoque has been analyzed to have the lowest consonant-to-vowel ratio of any language in the world, with ten consonants and nine vowel qualities. However, other studies (see below) have reported other numbers of consonants and vowe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hairúya Language
Hairúya is an extinct Witotoan language that was spoken on the Tamboryaco River, a tributary of the Putumayo River The Putumayo River or Içá River (, ) is one of the tributaries of the Amazon River, southwest of and parallel to the Japurá River. Course The Putumayo River forms part of Colombia's border with Ecuador, as well as most of the border with Per ..., in southeastern Colombia.Loukotka, Čestmír. 1949Sur Quelques Langues Inconnues de l'Amerique du Sud.''Lingua Posnaniensis'' I: 53-82. Kaufman suspected it to be included in Ocaina. Word list A word list of Hairúya was collected by Czech explorer from Hairúya speakers in São Paulo de Olivença. Vráz's list was subsequently published in Loukotka (1949): : References Languages of Colombia Witotoan languages {{na-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Koihoma Language
Koihoma (Coixoma), also known ambiguously as Coto (Koto) and Orejone (Orejón), neither its actual name, is an extinct, apparently Witotoan language of Peru.Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. . In popular culture In Steven Spielberg's film ''Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ''Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull'' is a 2008 American action adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg from a screenplay by David Koepp, based on a story by George Lucas and Jeff Nathanson. It is the fourth installm ...'' (2008), Indiana Jones identifies Koihoma language on a mysterious letter written by Harold Oxley, although he explains to Mutt Williams that nobody speaks that language anymore. He quite contradictorily defines it a "Latin American language" that became extinct centuries before Spanish and Portuguese were introduced to the Americas. Refe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
