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Tamangic Languages
The Tamangic languages, TGTM languages, or West Bodish languages or Kaike-Ghale-Tamangic languages (Glottolog), are a family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in the Himalayas of Nepal. They are called "West Bodish" by Bradley (1997), from ''Bod'', the native term for Tibet. TGTM stands for Tamang- Gurung- Thakali- Manang. Proto-TGTM has been reconstructed in Mazaudon (1994). Tamangic is united with the Bodish and West Himalayish languages in Bradley's (1997) "Bodish" and Van Driem's (2001) Tibeto-Kanauri. Languages The Tamangic languages are: * Tamang (several divergent varieties, with a million speakers) *Gurung (two varieties with low mutual intelligibility) * Thakali (including the Seke dialect; ethnically Tamang) *Manang language cluster: the closely related Manang, Gyasumdo, Nar Phu, and Nyeshangte languages. * Chantyal * Ghale languages (Ghale Ghale is an ethnic group in Nepal with a unique cultural heritage and language, which serves as a significant aspect of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nepal
Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mainly situated in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China China–Nepal border, to the north, and India India–Nepal border, to the south, east, and west, while it is narrowly separated from Bangladesh by the Siliguri Corridor, and from Bhutan by the States and union territories of India, Indian state of Sikkim. Nepal has a Geography of Nepal, diverse geography, including Terai, fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the world's ten List of highest mountains#List, tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth. Kathmandu is the nation's capital and List of cities in Nepal, its largest city. Nepal is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious, and multi-cultural state, with Nepali language, Nepali as the official language. The name "Nepal" is first record ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manang Language
Manang, also called Manangba, Manange, Manang Ke, Nyishang, Nyishangte and Nyishangba, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Nepal. Native speakers refer to the language as ''ŋyeshaŋ'', meaning 'our language'.Kristine A. Hildebrant. 200"A Grammar and Dictionary of the Manange Language"in Tibeto-Burman Languages of Nepal: Manange and Sherpa, edited by Carol Genetti. 2-189. Canberra:Pacific Linguistics. Manang and its most closely related languages are often written as TGTM in literature, referring to Tamang, Gurung, Thakali, and Manangba, due to the high degree of similarity in the linguistic characteristics of the languages.Martine Mazaudon. 1978"Consonantal Mutation and Tonal Split in the Tamang Sub-Family of Tibeto-Burman."Kailash. 6:157-179. The language is unwritten and almost solely spoken within the Manang District, leading it to be classified as threatened, with the number of speakers continuing to decline. Suspected reasons for the decline include parents not passing d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kutang Language
Kutang, also known as Kutang Ghale, Kuke, and Kukay, is a minor Tibeto-Burman language of Nepal. Anthropologist Geoff Childs notes that "the term Kukay literally means "Language of Kutang," but it has a double meaning in that the first syllable - ''ku'', for Kutang - is a homonym of the first sylllbe of the Tibetan word for their, ''kuma''. Therefore, Kukay is also interpreted to mean "stolen language," since it incorporates words and phrases from several neighboring languages, including Tibetan." Locations Kutang is spoken in Dyang, Rana, Bihi, Ghap, Chak, Kwak, and Krak villages of Bihi VDC, Gorkha District, Gandaki Province, Nepal (''Ethnologue ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'' is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It is the world's most comprehensive catalogue of languages. It w ...''). Dialects There are three Kutang dialects, Bihi, Chak, and Rana, which have lim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghale Language
Ghale is a Tibeto-Burman language of Nepal. It belongs to the group of Ghale languages. The dialects of Ghale have limited intelligibility: (south) Barpak, Kyaura, Laprak, (north) Khorla, Uiya, Jagat, Philim, Nyak Dialects ''Ethnologue'' divides Ghale into the Northern and Southern varieties. *Northern Ghale (4,440 speakers as of 2006) is spoken in Buri Gandaki valley in Gorkha District, Gandaki Province. Dialects are Khorla, Uiya, Jagat, Philim, and Nyak. *Southern Ghale (21,500 speakers as of 2006) is spoken in the hills south of Macha Khola in Gorkha District, Gandaki Province Gandaki Province ( ) ), is one of the seven federal provinces established by the current constitution of Nepal which was promulgated on 20 September 2015. Pokhara is the province's capital city. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region in Southw .... Dialects are Barpak, Kyaura, and Laprak. References Tamangic languages Languages of Nepal Languages of Gandaki Province {{SinoTibetan-l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chantyal Language
Chhantyal is spoken by approximately 2,000 of the 10,000 ethnic Chhantyal in Nepal. Chhantyal is spoken in the Kali Gandaki River valley of Myagdi District; there are also ethnic Chantel in Baglung District Baglung District ( ), a part of Gandaki Province, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. The district, with Baglung as its district headquarters, covers an area of and has a population (2011) of 268,613. Introduction Baglung is surrou ... (''Ethnologue''). The Chhantyal language is a member of the Tamangic group (along with Gurung, Thakali, Manangba, Nar-Phu and Tamang) of the Sino-Tibetan family. Within its group, it is lexically and grammatically closest to Thakali. References External linksThe Chantyal language and people by Michael Noonan [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nyeshangte Language
Manang, also called Manangba, Manange, Manang Ke, Nyishang, Nyishangte and Nyishangba, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Nepal. Native speakers refer to the language as ''ŋyeshaŋ'', meaning 'our language'.Kristine A. Hildebrant. 200"A Grammar and Dictionary of the Manange Language"in Tibeto-Burman Languages of Nepal: Manange and Sherpa, edited by Carol Genetti. 2-189. Canberra:Pacific Linguistics. Manang and its most closely related languages are often written as TGTM in literature, referring to Tamang, Gurung, Thakali, and Manangba, due to the high degree of similarity in the linguistic characteristics of the languages.Martine Mazaudon. 1978"Consonantal Mutation and Tonal Split in the Tamang Sub-Family of Tibeto-Burman."Kailash. 6:157-179. The language is unwritten and almost solely spoken within the Manang District, leading it to be classified as threatened, with the number of speakers continuing to decline. Suspected reasons for the decline include parents not passing d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nar Phu Language
Nar Phu, or ’Narpa, is a Sino-Tibetan variety spoken in the two villages of Nar and Phu, in the Valley of the Nar Khola in the Manang district of Nepal. It forms a dialect continuum with Manang and may be intelligible with it; however, the Nar and Phu share a secret language to confound Gyasumdo and Manang who would otherwise understand them. Phonology Vowels The language lacks all middle vowels and the open mid vowel /ɔ/. Consonants Comparatively to the English language, the /g/ is not in the language. Tones Nar Phu distinguishes four tones: high falling, high level, low rising murmured Breathy voice (also called murmured voice, whispery voice, soughing and susurration) is a phonation in which the vocal folds vibrate, as they do in normal (modal) voicing, but are adjusted to let more air escape which produces a sighing-like s ..., and mid/low falling murmured. Language Patterns Nar-Phu has a different vowel system than other Tamangic languages, due to the am ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gyasumdo Language
Manang, also called Manangba, Manange, Manang Ke, Nyishang, Nyishangte and Nyishangba, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Nepal. Native speakers refer to the language as ''ŋyeshaŋ'', meaning 'our language'.Kristine A. Hildebrant. 200"A Grammar and Dictionary of the Manange Language"in Tibeto-Burman Languages of Nepal: Manange and Sherpa, edited by Carol Genetti. 2-189. Canberra:Pacific Linguistics. Manang and its most closely related languages are often written as TGTM in literature, referring to Tamang, Gurung, Thakali, and Manangba, due to the high degree of similarity in the linguistic characteristics of the languages.Martine Mazaudon. 1978"Consonantal Mutation and Tonal Split in the Tamang Sub-Family of Tibeto-Burman."Kailash. 6:157-179. The language is unwritten and almost solely spoken within the Manang District, leading it to be classified as threatened, with the number of speakers continuing to decline. Suspected reasons for the decline include parents not passing d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
West Himalayish Languages
The West Himalayish languages, also known as Almora and Kanauric, are a family of Sino-Tibetan languages centered in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and across the border into Nepal. LaPolla (2003) proposes that the West Himalayish languages may be part of a larger "Rung languages, Rung" group. Languages The languages include: *West Himalayish **Kinnauri ***Chitkuli Kinnauri language, Chitkuli Kinnauri ***Kinnauri language, Kinnauri ***Thebor ****Sunam language, Sunam ****Jangshung language, Jangshung ****Shumcho language, Shumcho **Lahaulic ***Pattani language, Pattani (Manchad) ***Tinan language, Tinan **Gahri language, Gahri (Bunan) **Kanashi language, Kanashi **Rongpo–Almora ***Rongpo language, Rongpo ****Rongpo language#Marcha, Marcha ****Rongpo language#Tolcha, Tolcha (extinct since the 1950s) ***Almora (Ranglo) ****Darmiya language, Darmiya ****Byangsi language, Byangsi ****Dhuleli language, Dhuleli ****Chaudangsi language, Chaudangsi ****Rangas language, Rangas (extinct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bodish Languages
Bodish, named for the Tibetan ethnonym ''Bod'', is a proposed grouping consisting of the Tibetic languages and associated Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in Tibet, North India, Nepal, Bhutan, and North Pakistan. It has not been demonstrated that all these languages form a clade, characterized by shared innovations, within Sino-Tibetan. Shafer, who coined the term "Bodish", used it for two different levels in his classification, called "section" and "branch" respectively: * Bodish ** Bodish *** West Bodish *** Central Bodish *** South Bodish *** East Bodish ** Gurung ( Tamangic) ** Tshangla ** Rgyalrongic It is now generally accepted that the languages Shafer placed in the first three subgroups are all descended from Old Tibetan, and should be combined as a Tibetic subgroup, with the East Bodish languages as a sister subgroup. More recent classifications omit Rgyalrongic, which is considered a separate branch of Sino-Tibetan. Bradley (1997) also defined a broad "Bodish" grou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linguistic Reconstruction
Linguistic reconstruction is the practice of establishing the features of an unattested ancestor language of one or more given languages. There are two kinds of reconstruction: * Internal reconstruction uses irregularities in a single language to make inferences about an earlier stage of that language – that is, it is based on evidence from that language alone. * Comparative reconstruction, usually referred to just as reconstruction, establishes features of the ancestor of two or more related languages, belonging to the same language family, by means of the comparative method. A language reconstructed in this way is often referred to as a proto-language (the common ancestor of all the languages in a given family). Texts discussing linguistic reconstruction commonly preface reconstructed forms with an asterisk (*) to distinguish them from attested forms. An attested word from which a root in the proto-language is reconstructed is a . More generally, a reflex is the known deriv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thakali Language
Thakali is a Sino-Tibetan language of Nepal spoken by the Thakali people, mainly in the Myagdi and Mustang Districts. Its dialects have limited mutual intelligibility. Seke (Serke, Tangbe, Tetang, Chuksang) is sometimes considered a separate language. Other names and dialect names are Barhagaule, Marpha, Panchgaunle, Puntan Thakali, Syang, Tamhang Thakali, Thaksaatsaye, Thaksatsae, Thaksya, Tukuche, Yhulkasom. Seke (Serke) is spoken in the villages of Tangbe, Tetang, Chuksang, Chaile, and Gyakar in Mustang District, northern Nepal. Martine Mazaudon has documented the Tangbe dialect of Seke as spoken by an expatriate speaker in Paris. Honda (2002) also documented two other dialects of Seke, Tetang and Chuksang. Geographical distribution Thakali is spoken in the middle of the Kali Gandaki River valley and in the upper part of the Kali Gandaki Gorge (also known as Thak Khola), in Mustang District, Gandaki Province. The Thakali area is bounded by Annapurna Himal on one side and Dh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |