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Tactile Alphabets
A tactile alphabet is a system for writing material that the blind can read by touch. While currently the Braille system is the most popular and some materials have been prepared in Moon type, historically, many other tactile alphabets have existed: *Systems based on embossed Latin script, Roman letters: **Moon type **Valentin Haüy's system (in italic script, italic style) **James Gall's "triangular alphabet", using both capital and lower-case, which was used in 1826 in the first embossed books published in English language, English **Edmund Frye's system (capital letters only) **John Alston's system (capital letters only) **Jacob Snider, Jr.'s system, using rounded letters similar to Haüy's system, which was used in a publication of the Gospel of Mark in 1834, the first embossed book in the United States. **Samuel Gridley Howe's boston line letter, Boston Line using lowercase angular letters, influenced by Gall's system but more closely resembling standard Roman letters **Juliu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Six Principal Systems Of Embossed Type
6 (six) is the natural number following 5 and preceding 7. It is a composite number and the smallest perfect number. In mathematics A six-sided polygon is a hexagon, one of the three regular polygons capable of tessellation, tiling the plane. A hexagon also has 6 Edge (geometry), edges as well as 6 internal and external angles. 6 is the second smallest composite number. It is also the first number that is the sum of its proper divisors, making it the smallest perfect number. It is also the only perfect number that doesn't have a digital root of 1. 6 is the first unitary perfect number, since it is the sum of its positive proper unitary divisors, without including itself. Only five such numbers are known to exist. 6 is the largest of the four Harshad number, all-Harshad numbers. 6 is the 2nd superior highly composite number, the 2nd colossally abundant number, the 3rd triangular number, the 4th highly composite number, a pronic number, a congruent number, a harmonic divisor nu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pennsylvania Institution For The Instruction Of The Blind
The Overbrook School for the Blind in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was established in 1832. Its present site, in the city's Overbrook neighborhood, was acquired in 1890. Along with the Pennsylvania School for the Deaf, the Western Pennsylvania School for Blind Children and the Western Pennsylvania School for the Deaf, it is one of four state-approved charter schools for blind and deaf children in Pennsylvania. History The Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind opened in March 1832. A few years later, on October 27, 1836, a new building was dedicated on the northwest corner of Schuylkill Third (now Twentieth) and Sassafras (now Race) Streets on what is today the site of the Franklin Institute The Franklin Institute is a science museum and a center of science education and research in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is named after the American scientist and wikt:statesman, statesman Benjamin Franklin. It houses the Benjamin Franklin ... in the Logan S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tactile Graphic
Tactile graphics, including tactile pictures, tactile diagrams, tactile maps, and tactile graphs, are images that use raised surfaces so that a visually impaired person can feel them. They are used to convey non-textual information such as maps, paintings, graphs and diagrams. Tactile graphics can be seen as a subset of accessible images. Images can be made accessible to the visually impaired in various ways, such as verbal description, sound, or haptic (tactual) feedback. One of the most common uses for tactile graphics is the production of tactile maps. Tactile maps The types and forms of tactile maps began with the oldest and most rudimentary or a mixed media format. This tactile map is produced by simply attaching objects to a substrate to represent different items or symbols. More recent tactile maps are produced by computers through different means such as an ink-jet printers. Thermoform is one of the most common methods of producing tactile maps. This process is also kno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vibratese
Vibratese is a system of information transmission based on time and intensity modulated signals. The first Vibratese devices, developed by F. A. Geldard in 1957, were constructed of five vibrating modules attached to the interpreter's chest. Each vibrator was responsible for a different segment of the script, with the duration and intensity of the vibration corresponding to a particular symbol. Vibratese was initially developed as a potential avenue to transmit intelligence to military targets in compromising environments. While not touched upon in Geldard's first paper, its potential application for the deaf and visually impaired was understood. Geldard identified three tactile dimensions that could be easily and quickly discerned by an interpreter: duration, intensity, and location. Morse code Morse code is a telecommunications method which Character encoding, encodes Written language, text characters as standardized sequences of two different signal durations, called ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decapoint
Decapoint, or ''raphigraphy'', was a tactile form of the Latin script invented by Louis Braille as a system that could be used by both the blind and sighted. It was published in 1839. Letters retained their linear form, and so were legible without training to the sighted, but the lines were composed of embossed dots like those used in braille Braille ( , ) is a Tactile alphabet, tactile writing system used by blindness, blind or visually impaired people. It can be read either on embossed paper or by using refreshable braille displays that connect to computers and smartphone device .... Each letter contained ten dots in the height and different dots in the width to produce the graphic form of print. The reason for the development of this writing was that relatives of the students could not read braille. These letters were not easy for the blind to write because of their height of ten dots despite grid. It therefore did not take long for the blind friend of Louis Braille, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Bell Wait
William Bell Wait (1839–1916) was a teacher in the New York Institute for the Education of the Blind who invented New York Point, a system of writing for the blind that was adopted widely in the United States before the braille system was universally adopted there. Wait also applied the New York Point principles to adapt them for use in over 20 languages, created a form of New York Point to notate music, and invented a number of devices to better type and print embossed material for the visually impaired. Education and early life William Bell Wait was born in Amsterdam, New York on March 25, 1839. He grew up in New York and attended the Albany Academy and later the Albany Normal College in 1859. Subsequent to graduating he obtained a teaching position at the New York Institute for the Education of the Blind, where he spent two years. He then went on to study under Tremain and Peckham in Albany. He was called to the bar in 1862. He married Phoebe Jane Babcock on October 27 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New York Point
New York Point (New York Point: ) is a braille-like system of tactile writing for the blind invented by William Bell Wait (1839–1916), a teacher in the New York Institute for the Education of the Blind. The system used one to four pairs of points set side by side, each containing one or two dots. (Letters of one through four pairs, each with two dots, would be .) The most common letters are written with the fewest points, a strategy also employed by the competing American Braille. Capital letters were cumbersome in New York Point, each being four dots wide, and so were not generally used. Likewise, the four-dot-wide hyphen and apostrophe were generally omitted. When capitals, hyphens, or apostrophes were used, they sometimes caused legibility problems, and a separate capital sign was never agreed upon. According to Helen Keller, this caused literacy problems among blind children, and was one of the chief arguments against New York Point and in favor of one of the braill ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boustrophedon
Boustrophedon () is a style of writing in which alternate lines of writing are reversed, with letters also written in reverse, mirror-style. This is in contrast to modern European languages, where lines always begin on the same side, usually the left. The original term comes from , ', a composite of , ', "ox"; , ', "turn"; and the adverbial suffix -, -', "like, in the manner of" – that is, "like the ox turns hile plowing. It is mostly seen in ancient manuscripts and other inscriptions. It was a common way of writing on stone in ancient Greece, becoming less and less popular throughout the Hellenistic period. Many ancient scripts, such as Etruscan, Safaitic, and Sabaean, were frequently or even typically written boustrophedon. Reverse boustrophedon The wooden boards and other incised artefacts of Rapa Nui also bear a boustrophedonic script called Rongorongo, which remains undeciphered. In Rongorongo, the text in alternate lines was rotated 180 degrees rather than mirr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James Hatley Frere
James Hatley Frere (1779–1866) was an English writer on prophecy and developer of a tactile alphabet system for teaching the blind to read. Life Frere was the sixth son of John Frere, of Roydon, South Norfolk, and Beddington, Surrey, by Jane, daughter and heiress of John Hookham of London. On 15 June 1809 he married Merian, second daughter of Matthew Martin, F.R.S., of Poets' Corner, Westminster, by whom he had six sons: * Hatley Frere (1811–1868), Judge of the High Court, Madras (great-grandfather of Mary Leakey) * Chales Frere (1813–1884), Taxing Master of the House of Commons, Barrister-at-law * John Alexander Frere (1814–1877), Vicar of Shillington, Bedfordshire * Edward Daniel Frere (1816–1881) * Constantine Frere (1817–1905), Rector of Finningham * William Theodore Frere (1820–?), died as an infant. Frere met Edward Irving in 1825, and influenced him in the direction of the study of biblical prophecy. He died at the residence of his third son, the Rev. John ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shorthand
Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to Cursive, longhand, a more common method of writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek language, Greek ''stenos'' (narrow) and ''graphein'' (to write). It has also been called brachygraphy, from Greek ''brachys'' (short), and tachygraphy, from Greek ''tachys'' (swift, speedy), depending on whether compression or speed of writing is the goal. Many forms of shorthand exist. A typical shorthand system provides symbols or abbreviations for words and common phrases, which can allow someone well-trained in the system to write as quickly as people speak. Abbreviation methods are alphabet-based and use different abbreviating approaches. Many journalists use shorthand writing to quickly take notes at press conferences or other similar scenarios. In the computerized world, several autocomplete programs, standalone or integrated in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Lucas (educator)
Thomas Mark Lucas (c. 176418 May 1838) was a British educator of the blind, founder of the Royal London Society for Blind People, and developer of the Lucas tactile alphabet system, an alternative to the Braille system of reading for the blind. Early life Thomas Mark Lucas was born in Bristol around 1764. Little is known of his early life or family, except that he received a pocket Bible from his father at a young age and "remained a man of deep religious conviction throughout his life". By the early 1800s, Lucas was living at Castle Street, Bristol, and was employed as a merchant and teacher of shorthand, an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing. It was around this time that Lucas became interested in teaching the blind to read and he soon came up with the solution of using simple shorthand characters which could be felt as well as seen. Lucas system Around 1830–1832, Lucas developed his so-called Lucas system (or Lucas type), a fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Night Writing
Night writing is the name given to a form of tactile writing invented by Charles Barbier de la Serre (1767–1841). It is one of a dozen forms of alternative writing presented in a book published in 1815: ''Essai sur divers procédés d'expéditive française, contenant douze écritures différentes, avec une planche pour chaque procédé'' (Essay on various processes of French expedition, containing twelve different writings, with a plate for each process). The term (in French: ''écriture nocturne'') does not appear in the book, but was later applied to the method shown on Plate VII of that book. This method of writing with raised dots that could be read by touch was adopted at the Institution Royale des Jeunes Aveugles (Royal Institution for Blind Youth) in Paris. A student at the school, Louis Braille, used the tools and Barbier's idea of communicating with raised dots in a form of code, and developed a more compact and flexible system for communications, Braille. Origin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
