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Sexual System
A sexual system is a pattern of sex allocation or a distribution of male and female function across organisms in a species. Terms like reproductive system and mating system have also been used as synonyms. The distinction between sexual systems is not always clear due to phenotypic plasticity. Sexual systems are viewed as a key factor for genetic variation and reproductive success, and may have also led to the origin or extinction of certain species. Interests in sexual systems go back to Darwin, who found that barnacles contain species that are androdioecious and some that are dioecious. Types of sexual systems In plants there are monomorphic sexual systems where a species has hermaphrodite, male and/or female flowers on the same plant. Monomorphic sexual systems include monoecy, gynomonoecy, andromonoecy and trimonoecy. There are also dimorphic sexual systems like dioecy, gynodioecy and androdioecy. Mixed sexual systems are where hermaphrodites coexist with single se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Sex Allocation
Sex is the trait that determines whether a sexually reproducing animal or plant produces male or female gametes. Male plants and animals produce smaller mobile gametes (spermatozoa, sperm, pollen), while females produce larger ones ( ova, often called egg cells). Organisms that produce both types of gametes are called hermaphrodites. During sexual reproduction, male and female gametes fuse to form zygotes, which develop into offspring that inherit traits from each parent. Males and females of a species may have physical similarities (sexual monomorphism) or differences (sexual dimorphism) that reflect various reproductive pressures on the respective sexes. Mate choice and sexual selection can accelerate the evolution of physical differences between the sexes. The terms ''male'' and ''female'' typically do not apply in sexually undifferentiated species in which the individuals are isomorphic (look the same) and the gametes are isogamous (indistinguishable in size and shap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Dioecy
Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct individual organisms (unisexual) that produce male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproduction is biparental reproduction. Dioecy has costs, since only about half the population directly produces offspring. It is one method for excluding self-fertilization and promoting allogamy (outcrossing), and thus tends to reduce the expression of recessive deleterious mutations present in a population. Plants have several other methods of preventing self-fertilization including, for example, dichogamy, herkogamy, and self-incompatibility. Dioecy is a dimorphic sexual system, alongside gynodioecy and androdioecy. In zoology In zoology, dioecious species may be opposed to hermaphroditic species, meaning that an individual is either male or female, in which case the synonym gonochory is more often used. Most animal species are dioecious (gon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Monoicous
Monoicy () is a sexual system in haploid plants (mainly bryophytes) where both sperm and eggs are produced on the same gametophyte, in contrast with dioicy, where each gametophyte produces only sperm or eggs but never both.Crandall-Stotler, B.J. & Bartholomew-Began, S.E. (2007). ''Morphology of Mosses (Phylum Bryophyta)''. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. (1993+). ''Flora of North America North of Mexico''. 16+ vols. New York and Oxford. Volume 27, 2007.Bell, P.R. & Helmsley, A.R. (2000). ''Green plants, their origin and diversity'' (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. Both monoicous () and dioicous gametophytes produce gametes in gametangia by mitosis rather than meiosis, so that sperm and eggs are genetically identical with their parent gametophyte. It has been suggested that monoicy may have benefits in dry habitats where the ability to produce sporophytes is limited due to lack of water. Monoicy is similar to, and often conflated with, monoecy, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Asteraceae
The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae were first described in the year 1740. The number of species in Asteraceae is rivaled only by the Orchidaceae, and which is the larger family is unclear as the quantity of extant species in each family is unknown. Most species of Asteraceae are annual, biennial, or perennial herbaceous plants, but there are also shrubs, vines, and trees. The family has a widespread distribution, from subpolar to tropical regions in a wide variety of habitats. Most occur in hot desert and cold or hot semi-desert climates, and they are found on every continent but Antarctica. The primary common characteristic is the existence of sometimes hundreds of tiny individual florets which are held together by protective involucres in flower heads, or more t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Gynomonoecy
Gynomonoecy is defined as the presence of both female and hermaphrodite flowers on the same individual of a plant species. It is prevalent in Asteraceae but is poorly understood. It is a monomorphic sexual system alongside monoecy, andromonoecy and trimonoecy. Occurrence This sexual system occurs in about 2.8% of flowering plants. It is present in 3% of ''Silene'' species and 23 families of flowering plants, but is most common in the daisy family, Asteraceae. About 200 of the approximately 23000 species in the Asteraceae are gynomonoecious. Evolution Gynomonoecy may be an intermediate evolutionary state between monoecy and hermaphroditism. It is also hypothesized to be the ancestor to trimonoecy. Gynomonecy evolved once in Hawaiian ''Tetramolopium''. In families like Compositae or Chenopodiaceae Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus '' Amaranthus''. It includes the former goosefoot family Ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Gynodioecy
Gynodioecy is a rare breeding system that is found in certain flowering plant species in which female and hermaphroditic plants coexist within a population. Gynodioecy is the evolutionary intermediate between hermaphroditism (exhibiting both female and male parts) and dioecy (having two distinct morphs: male and female). Gynodioecy is sometimes considered a mixed breeding system alongside trioecy and androdioecy. It is also considered a dimorphic sexual system alongside dioecy and androdioecy. Gynodioecy occurs as a result of a genetic mutation that inhibits a hermaphroditic plant from producing pollen, while keeping the female reproductive parts intact. Gynodioecy is extremely rare, with fewer than 1% of angiosperm species exhibiting the breeding system. Some notable taxa that exhibit a gynodioecious mating system include '' Beta vulgaris'' (wild beet), '' Lobelia siphilitica'', '' Silene'', and Lamiaceae. Evolution Gynodioecy is often referred to as the evolutionary int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Gonochorism
In biology, gonochorism is a sexual system where there are only two sexes and each individual organism is either male or female. The term gonochorism is usually applied in animal species, the vast majority of which are gonochoric. Gonochorism contrasts with simultaneous hermaphroditism but it may be hard to tell if a species is gonochoric or sequentially hermaphroditic. (e.g. Parrotfish, '' Patella ferruginea''). However, in gonochoric species individuals remain either male or female throughout their lives. Species that reproduce by thelytokous parthenogenesis and do not have males can still be classified as gonochoric. Terminology The term is derived from Greek (''gone'', generation) + (''chorizein,'' to separate). The term gonochorism originally came from German gonochorismus. Gonochorism is also referred to as unisexualism or gonochory. Evolution Gonochorism has evolved independently multiple times and is very evolutionary stable in animals. Its stability and ad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Gametophyte
A gametophyte () is one of the two alternation of generations, alternating multicellular organism, multicellular phases in the life cycles of plants and algae. It is a haploid multicellular organism that develops from a haploid spore that has one set of chromosomes. The gametophyte is the Sexual reproduction of plants, sexual phase in the life cycle of plants and algae. It develops sex organs that produce gametes, haploid sex cells that participate in fertilization to form a diploid zygote which has a double set of chromosomes. Cell division of the zygote results in a new diploid multicellular organism, the second stage in the life cycle known as the sporophyte. The sporophyte can produce haploid spores by meiosis that on germination produce a new generation of gametophytes. Algae In some multicellular green algae (''Ulva lactuca'' is one example), red algae and brown algae, sporophytes and gametophytes may be externally indistinguishable (isomorphic). In ''Ulva (genus), Ulv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Bryophyte
The Bryophyta s.l. are a proposed taxonomic division containing three groups of non-vascular land plants ( embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts and mosses. Bryophyta s.s. consists of the mosses only. They are characteristically limited in size and prefer moist habitats although they can survive in drier environments. The bryophytes consist of about 20,000 plant species. Bryophytes produce enclosed reproductive structures (gametangia and sporangia), but they do not produce flowers or seeds. They reproduce sexually by spores and asexually by fragmentation or the production of gemmae. Though bryophytes were considered a paraphyletic group in recent years, almost all of the most recent phylogenetic evidence supports the monophyly of this group, as originally classified by Wilhelm Schimper in 1879. The term ''bryophyte'' comes . Terminology The term "Bryophyta" was first suggested by Braun in 1864. G.M. Smith placed this group between Algae and Pteridophyta. Features ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Dioicy (botany)
Dioicy () is a sexual system where archegonia and antheridia are produced on separate gametophytes. It is one of the two main sexual systems in bryophytes. Both dioicous () and monoicous gametophytes produce gametes in gametangia by mitosis rather than meiosis, so that sperm and eggs are genetically identical with their parent gametophyte. Description Dioicy promotes outcrossing. Sexual dimorphism is commonly found in dioicous species. However, according to Bernard Goffinet sexual dimorphism is rare in dioicous moss species. Dioicy is correlated with reduced sporophyte production, due to spatial separation of male and female colonies, scarcity or absence of males. The term dioecy is meaningless for bryophytes because it refers to the sexuality of sporophytes. Nonetheless dioecy and dioicy are comparable in many respects. Etymology The words dioicous and di(o)ecious are derived from οἶκος or οἰκία and δι- (di-), twice, double. (''(o)e'' is the Latin way of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Flowering Plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of broad-leaved trees, shrubs and vines, and most aquatic plants. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ἀγγεῖον / ('container, vessel') and σπέρμα / ('seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed within a fruit. They are by far the most diverse group of land plants with 64 orders, 416 families, approximately 13,000 known genera and 300,000 known species. Angiosperms were formerly called Magnoliophyta (). Angiosperms are distinguished from the other seed-producing plants, the gymnosperms, by having flowers, xylem consisting of vessel elements instead of tracheids, endosperm within their seeds, and fruits that completely envelop the seeds. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from the common ance ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Andromonoecy
Andromonoecy is a breeding system of plant species in which male and hermaphrodite flowers are on the same plant. It is a monomorphic sexual system alongside monoecy, gynomonoecy and trimonoecy. Andromonoecy is frequent among genera with zygomorphic flowers, however it is overall rare and occurs in less than 2% of plant species. Nonetheless the breeding system has gained interest among biologists in the study of sex expression. Etymology The word andromonoecious is a combination of andr- (meaning male) and monoecious and was first used in 1877. Prevalence It is uncommon and has been estimated to occur in less than 2% of plant species. In angiosperms, it occurs in 1.7% of angiosperms making up around 4000 species in 33 families. It is common in the grass subfamily Panicoideae. Andromonoecious species * ''Cucumis melo'' subsp * ''Cucumis melo'' * ''Chaerophyllum bulbosum'' * ''Erophaca baetica'' * ''Silene tibetica'' ''Solanum'' * ''Solanum agnewiorum'' * ''Solanum aur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |