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Securitate
The Department of State Security (), commonly known as the Securitate (, ), was the secret police agency of the Socialist Republic of Romania. It was founded on 30 August 1948 from the '' Siguranța'' with help and direction from the Soviet MGB. The Securitate was, in proportion to Romania's population, one of the largest secret police forces in the Eastern bloc. The first budget of the Securitate in 1948 stipulated a number of 4,641 positions, of which 3,549 were filled by February 1949: 64% were workers, 4% peasants, 28% clerks, 2% persons of unspecified origin, and 2% intellectuals. By 1951, the Securitate's staff had increased fivefold, while in January 1956, the Securitate had 25,468 employees.Cristian Troncota"Securitatea: Începuturile", Magazin Istoric, 1998 At its height, the Securitate employed some 15,000 agents and almost half a million informants for a country with a population of 23 million by 1989. The Securitate under Nicolae Ceaușescu was one of the most br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gheorghe Pintilie (Bodnarenko)
Gheorghe Pintilie (born Panteley Timofiy Bodnarenko, ; also rendered as Pintilie Bodnarenco, nicknamed Pantiușa; November 9, 1902 – August 21, 1985) was a Soviet and Romanian intelligence agent and political assassin, who served as first head of the Securitate (1948–1958). Born as a subject of the Russian Empire in Tiraspol, he was briefly employed as a manual laborer, and trained as a locksmith, before joining the Red Army cavalry and seeing action in the Russian Civil War. The NKVD shortlisted him for espionage missions in the 1920s, and in 1928 sent him on for such clandestine work in the Kingdom of Romania. Bodnarenko was apprehended there some nine years later, and sentenced to a twenty-years' imprisonment. While at Doftana, he became the ringleader of imprisoned Soviet spies, together with whom he joined the Romanian Communist Party (PCR). He expressed his loyalty toward Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, the jailed communist and emerging factional leader; their tight political cam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanian Revolution
The Romanian revolution () was a period of violent Civil disorder, civil unrest in Socialist Republic of Romania, Romania during December 1989 as a part of the revolutions of 1989 that occurred in several countries around the world, primarily within the Eastern Bloc. The Romanian revolution started in the city of Timișoara and soon spread throughout the country, ultimately culminating in the Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu, drumhead trial and execution of longtime Romanian Communist Party (PCR) General Secretary Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena Ceaușescu, Elena, and the end of 42 years of Communist state, Communist rule in Romania. It was also the last removal of a Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist government in a Warsaw Pact country during the events of 1989, and the only one that violently overthrew a country's leadership and executed its leader; according to estimates, over one thousand people died and thousands more were injured. Following W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serviciul Român De Informații
The Romanian Intelligence Service (, abbreviated SRI) is Romania's main domestic intelligence service. Its role is to gather information relevant to national security and hand it over to relevant institutions, such as Romanian Government, presidency and law enforcement departments and agencies. The service is gathering intelligence by ways such as signals intelligence (SIGINT), open-source intelligence (OSINT) and human intelligence (HUMINT). It operates predominately within Romanian territory but also outside national borders in collaboration with other states specifically to target cross-border threats. History Previous intelligence services in Romania In 1865, the Romanian General Staff (inspired by the French system) created the 2nd Section (''Secția a II-a'') to gather and analyze military intelligence. This marked a growing interest in centralising intelligence efforts spurring the creation of the General Safety Bureau in 1892 within the Ministry of the Interior with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicolae Ceaușescu
Nicolae Ceaușescu ( ; ; – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian politician who was the second and last Communism, communist leader of Socialist Romania, Romania, serving as the general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 until Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu, his execution in 1989. Widely regarded as a dictator, he was the country's head of state from 1967 to 1989, serving as President of the State Council of Romania, State Council from 1967 and as the first President of Romania, president from 1974. He was overthrown and executed in the Romanian Revolution on 25 December 1989 along with his wife Elena Ceaușescu, as part of a series of Anti-communism, anti-communist uprisings in Eastern Europe that year. Born in 1918 in Scornicești, Ceaușescu was a member of the Romanian Communist youth movement. He was arrested in 1939 and sentenced for "conspiracy against social order", spending the time during World War II in prisons and internment ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Socialist Republic Of Romania
The Socialist Republic of Romania (, RSR) was a Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist One-party state, one-party socialist state that existed officially in Romania from 1947 to 1989 (see Revolutions of 1989). From 1947 to 1965, the state was known as the Romanian People's Republic (, RPR). The country was an Eastern Bloc state and a member of the Warsaw Pact with a dominant role for the Romanian Communist Party enshrined in :Template:RomanianConstitutions, its constitutions. Geographically, RSR was bordered by the Black Sea to the east, the Soviet Union (via the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian and Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldavian SSRs) to the north and east, Hungarian People's Republic, Hungary and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia (via Socialist Republic of Serbia, SR Serbia) to the west, and People's Republic of Bulgaria, Bulgaria to the south. As World War II ended, Kingdom of Romania, Romania, a former Axis powers, Axis membe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iulian Vlad
Iulian Vlad (; 21 February 1931 – 30 September 2017) was a Romanian government official and last director of the Securitate secret police force from 1987 to 1989. He was the Securitate's director during the Romanian revolution Early life Iulian Vlad was born on 21 February 1931 in Gogoșița in the Kingdom of Romania. His parents were Nicolae and Eugenia Vlad. Vlad joined the Romanian Communist Party in 1946 at the age of 15. He attended the University of Bucharest and later graduated from the Serbian Marxist-Leninist University. Security career Vlad became an employee for the Securitate, the secret police force of Socialist Republic of Romania, in 1951. During Nicolae Ceaușescu's rule, Vlad became a military education specialist in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1977, Vlad became the director of counterintelligence. In 1983, Vlad served as the deputy minister of internal affairs. On 22 November 1984, Vlad became a member of the Great National Assembly represe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siguranța
''Siguranța'' was the generic name for the successive secret police services in the Kingdom of Romania. The official title of the organization changed throughout its history, with names including Directorate of the Police and General Safety (), the Secret Intelligence Service (), the Special Intelligence Service () or simply the Intelligence Service (), History Created in 1908, in the aftermath of a 1907 Romanian Peasants' revolt, major peasant revolt, it acted as a political police, monitoring, infiltrating and trying to dismantle political groupings considered undesirable by the government. Changing its structure several times during the first half of the 20th century, it was disbanded in 1948, when Romania became a Romanian People's Republic, people's republic. Siguranța's role, as well as many of its employees, were integrated into the newly founded Securitate, Department of State Security ("Securitate"). Around 1924, Siguranța secret intelligence assassinated a leader o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serviciul De Protecție și Pază
Protection and Guard Service (, abbreviated SPP) is the Romanian institution designated to protect and defend dignitaries, as well as their family or close relatives. The institution operates independently, although it collaborates closely with the Romanian Ministry of National Defense and other secret services. Its motto is ''Semper Fidelis''. Activity SPP is a vital institution for the national security. It operates under Law 191/1998. The institution and its employees are mainly required to: * Defend dignitaries and their families, within legal limitations * Defend diplomats and heads of state during their stay in Romania (including airspace, water and the additional islands) * Defend the residences of the above-mentioned category * Defend any premises in which the above-stated category is visiting The institution must respect all laws, as well as the Constitution. The institution takes orders and fulfills requests given by the Supreme Council of National Defense. History T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serviciul De Informații Externe
The Foreign Intelligence Service (, SIE) is, under Law no. 1/1998, "the state body specialized in foreign intelligence concerning the national security and the safeguarding of Romania and its interests". The SIE carries on its activity in keeping with the Constitution of Romania, the laws of the country, the Decisions of the Country's Supreme Defense Council (CSAT), and military regulations. The activity of the service has the character of a state secret. The sources of intelligence, the ways and means its mission is carried out cannot be disclosed to anyone, under whatever circumstances. The disclosure, in any way, of information and intelligence that make the object of activity of the Foreign Intelligence Service is forbidden, and punishable as laid down in the law. The Foreign Intelligence Service is authorized, under the law, to use specific methods, develop and own appropriate means for obtaining, checking, assessing, turning to account, storing and protecting intelligen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eastern Bloc
The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, the Workers Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was an unofficial coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991). These states followed the ideology of Marxism–Leninism, in opposition to the Capitalism, capitalist Western Bloc. The Eastern Bloc was often called the "Second World", whereas the term "First World" referred to the Western Bloc and "Third World" referred to the Non-Aligned Movement, non-aligned countries that were mainly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America but notably also included former Tito–Stalin split, pre-1948 Soviet ally Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia, which was located in Europe. In Western Europe, the term Eastern Bloc generally referred to the USSR and Central and Eastern European countries in the Comecon (East Germany, Polish Peo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great National Assembly (Socialist Republic Of Romania)
The Great National Assembly (, MAN) was the supreme body of state power of the Socialist Republic of Romania. The Great National Assembly was the only branch of government in Romania, and per the principle of unified power, all state organs were subservient to it. After Romanian Revolution, the overthrow of Communism in Romania in December 1989, the Great National Assembly was dissolved by decree of the National Salvation Front (Romania), National Salvation Front (FSN) and eventually replaced by the Bicameralism, bicameral Parliament of Romania, parliament, made up of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania, Assembly of Deputies and the Senate of Romania, Senate. The Great National Assembly was elected every four years, and each individual member represented 60,000 citizens. The system was created to imitate the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Soviet model. Powers The MAN had the power to, among other things, amend the constitution and appoint and depose the Supreme Commander of the R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
