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Secotioid Fungi
Secotioid fungi produce an intermediate fruiting body form that is between the mushroom-like hymenomycetes and the closed bag-shaped gasteromycetes, where an evolutionary process of gasteromycetation has started but not run to completion. Secotioid fungi may or may not have opening caps, but in any case they often lack the vertical geotropic orientation of the hymenophore needed to allow the spores to be dispersed by wind, and the basidiospores are not forcibly discharged or otherwise prevented from being dispersed (e.g. gills completely inclosed and never exposed as in the secotioid form of ''Lentinus tigrinus'')—note—some mycologists do not consider a species to be secotioid unless it has lost ballistospory. Explanation of secotioid development and gasteromycetation Historically agarics and boletes (which bear their spores on a hymenium of gills or tubes respectively) were classified quite separately from the gasteroid fungi, such as puff-balls and truffles, of which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Weraroa Novae Zelandiae
''Weraroa'' was a genus of mushrooms from the families Hymenogastraceae and Strophariaceae. The genus was initially described by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1958 to accommodate the single species ''Secotium novae-zelandiae'' reported by Gordon Herriott Cunningham in 1924.Cunningham GH. (1924). "A critical revision of the Australian and New Zealand species of the genus ''Secotium''". ''Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales'' 49(2): 97–119. It was thought that the genus represented an intermediary evolutionary stage between a wikt:hypogeous, hypogeous (underground) ancestor and the related wikt:epigeous, epigeous (above ground) genus ''Stropharia''. Advances in phylogenetics and taxonomy, taxonomic changes since 1958 found it contained unrelated species from multiple genera. It is now considered a synonym of the genus ''Psilocybe''. Description The following descriptions may not represent all species formerly the genus. Macroscopic ''Weraroa'' contained secoti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brockhaus And Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary B11 168-5
Brockhaus may refer to: * Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus (1772–1823), German encyclopedia publisher and editor ** F.A. Brockhaus AG, his publishing firm ** ''Brockhaus Enzyklopädie'', an encyclopedia published by the firm ** 27765 Brockhaus, an asteroid named for him * Hermann Brockhaus (1806–1877), German orientalist See also *Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary The ''Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopaedic Dictionary'' (35 volumes, small; 86 volumes, large) is a comprehensive multi-volume encyclopaedia in Russian. It contains 121,240 articles, 7,800 images, and 235 maps. It was published in the Russian Em ..., a Russian-language encyclopedia {{disambiguation, surname German-language surnames ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pholiota Nubigena
''Pholiota nubigena'', commonly known as the gastroid pholiota or the bubble gum fungus, is a species of secotioid fungus in the family Strophariaceae. The fruit bodies appear similar to unopened mushrooms, measuring tall with diameter pileus (mycology), caps that are whitish to brownish. They have a short but distinct whitish stipe (mycology), stipe that extend through the internal spore mass (gleba) of the fruit body into the cap. The gleba consists of irregular locule, chambers made of contorted lamella (mycology), gills that are brownish in color. A whitish, cottony partial veil is present in young specimens, but it often disappears in age and does not leave a annulus (mycology), ring on the stipe. It is found in mountainous areas of the western United States, where it grows on rotting conifer wood, often fir logs. It fruits in spring, often under snow, and early summer toward the end of the snowmelt period in high mountain forests. Taxonomy The species was first species ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pholiota Nubigena (Harkn
''Pholiota nubigena'', commonly known as the gastroid pholiota or the bubble gum fungus, is a species of secotioid fungus in the family Strophariaceae. The fruit bodies appear similar to unopened mushrooms, measuring tall with diameter caps that are whitish to brownish. They have a short but distinct whitish stipe that extend through the internal spore mass (gleba) of the fruit body into the cap. The gleba consists of irregular chambers made of contorted gills that are brownish in color. A whitish, cottony partial veil is present in young specimens, but it often disappears in age and does not leave a ring on the stipe. It is found in mountainous areas of the western United States, where it grows on rotting conifer wood, often fir logs. It fruits in spring, often under snow, and early summer toward the end of the snowmelt period in high mountain forests. Taxonomy The species was first described in 1899 by American mycologist Harvey Willson Harkness as ''Secotium nubigenum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypogeous
Hypogeal, hypogean, hypogeic and hypogeous (; ) are biological terms describing an organism's activity below the soil surface. In botany, a seed is described as showing hypogeal germination when the cotyledons of the germinating seed remain non-photosynthetic, inside the seed shell, and below ground.{{cite book, author1=Adrian D. Bell, author2=Alan Bryan, title=Plant Form: An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SM3khPHXhKEC&pg=PA200, year=2008, publisher=Timber Press, isbn=978-0-88192-850-1, page=200 The converse, where the cotyledons expand, throw off the seed shell and become photosynthetic above the ground, is epigeal germination. In water purification works, the hypogeal (or Schmutzdecke) layer is a biological film just below the surface of slow sand filters. It contains microorganisms that remove bacteria and trap contaminant particles. The terms hypogean and hypogeic are used for fossorial (burrowing) and troglobitic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epigeous
Epigeal, epigean, epigeic and epigeous are biological terms describing an organism's activity above the soil surface. In botany, a seed is described as showing epigeal germination when the cotyledons of the germinating seed expand, throw off the seed shell and become photosynthetic above the ground. The opposite kind, where the cotyledons remain non-photosynthetic, inside the seed shell, and below ground, is hypogeal germination. The terms epigean, epigeic or epigeous are used for organisms that crawl (epigean), creep like a vine (epigeal), or grow (epigeous) on the soil surface: they are also used more generally for animals that neither burrow nor swim nor fly. The opposite terms are hypogean, hypogeic and hypogeous. An epigeal nest is a term used for a termite mound, the above ground nest of a colony of termite Termites are a group of detritivore, detritophagous Eusociality, eusocial cockroaches which consume a variety of Detritus, decaying plant material, generally i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gleba
Gleba (, from Latin ''glaeba, glēba'', "lump") is the fleshy spore-bearing inner mass of certain fungi such as the puffball or stinkhorn. The gleba is a solid mass of spores, generated within an enclosed area within the sporocarp. The continuous maturity of the sporogenous cells leave the spores behind as a powdery mass that can be easily blown away. The gleba may be sticky or it may be enclosed in a case (peridiole). It is a tissue usually found in an angiocarpous fruit-body, especially gasteromycetes. Angiocarpous fruit-bodies usually consist of fruit enclosed within a covering that does not form a part of itself; such as the filbert covered by its husk, or the acorn seated in its cupule. The presence of gleba can be found in earthballs and puffballs. The gleba consists of mycelium and basidia and may also contain capillitium threads. Gleba found on the fruit body of species in the family Phallaceae is typically gelatinous, often fetid-smelling, and deliquescent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydnangiaceae
The Hydnangiaceae are a family (biology), family of fungi in the mushroom order (biology), order Agaricales. Widespread in temperate and tropical regions throughout the world, the family contains about 30 species in four genera. Species in the Hydnangiaceae form ectomycorrhizal relationships with various species of trees in both coniferous and deciduous forests. Description They may have basidiocarp, fruit bodies with stipe (mycology), stipes and pileus (mycology), caps (pileate-stipiate), or gasteroid fungi, gasteroid (with internal spore production, like puffballs). When pileate, the cap is smooth to scaly, sometimes striate, typically orange-brown or violet in color. The lamella (mycology), gills are widely spaced, thick, and waxy. In gasteroid forms, fruit body shape is irregular, with thin walls. Also, the peridium (the outer layer of the spore-bearing organ) is sometimes short-lasting (evanescent). Columella (the central, sterile part of the sporangium) may be absent or pres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laccaria Laccata
''Laccaria laccata'', commonly known as the deceiver, lackluster laccaria, or waxy laccaria, is a species of fungus. It is a small but highly variable mushroom (hence 'deceiver'), and can look quite washed out, colorless and drab, but when younger it often assumes red, pinkish brown, and orange tones. It has white spores. Found throughout North America and Europe, the species is often considered by mushroom collectors to be a 'mushroom weed' because of its abundance and plain stature. The cap is edible. Taxonomy The deceiver was first described by Tyrolian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1772 as ''Agaricus laccatus'', before being given its current binomial name by Mordecai Cubitt Cooke in 1884. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin adjective ''laccatus'' 'varnished' or 'shining'. ''Clitocybe laccata'' is an old alternative name. Var. ''pallidifolia'', described by Charles Horton Peck, is the most common variety found in North America. It is the type species o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cortinarius
''Cortinarius'' is a globally distributed genus of fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. Its members are commonly known by the names cortinar and webcap. It is suspected to be the largest genus of agarics, containing over 2,000 widespread species. Young specimens have a cortina (veil) between the cap and the stem, hence the name. Most of the fibres of the cortina are ephemeral and leave no more than limited remnants on the stem or cap edge. All species have a rusty brown spore print. Several species (such as ''Cortinarius orellanus, C. orellanus'') are highly Mushroom poisoning, toxic and many species are difficult to distinguish, making their consumption inadvisable. Taxonomy Molecular phylogenetics, Molecular studies of members of the genus ''Rozites'', including its most famous member ''R. caperata'', have shown them nested within ''Cortinarius'' and have been sunk into this genus. This genus was erected on the basis of a double veil, yet its members do not form a di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hymenogastraceae
The Hymenogastraceae is a family of fungi in the order Agaricales with both agaric and false-truffle shaped fruitbodies. Formerly, prior to molecular analyses, the family was restricted to the false-truffle genera. The mushroom genus '' Psilocybe'' in the ''Hymenogastraceae'' is now restricted to the hallucinogenic species while nonhallucinogenic former species are largely in the genus '' Deconica'' classified in the Strophariaceae. One of the two known species of '' Wakefieldia'' has been found recently to belong to this family but formal transfer cannot be made until the phylogeny of the type species of the genus is resolved. '' Psathyloma'', added to the family in 2016, was circumscribed to contain two agarics found in New Zealand. Genera *'' Alnicola'' (12 species) *'' Dendrogaster'' (1 species) *'' Flammula'' (113 species) *'' Galera'' (4 species) *'' Galerina'' (307 species) *'' Galerula'' (3 species) *'' Gymnopilus'' (209 species) *''Hebeloma ''Hebeloma'' is a genu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Strophariaceae
The Strophariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Under an older classification, the family covered 18 genera and 1316 species. The species of Strophariaceae have red-brown to dark brown spore prints, while the spores themselves are smooth and have an apical germ pore. These agarics are also characterized by having a cutis-type pileipellis. Ecologically, all species in this group are saprotrophs, growing on various kinds of decaying organic matter. The family was circumscribed in 1946 by mycologists Rolf Singer and Alexander H. Smith. Genera * The genus ''Stropharia'' mainly consists of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous annulus. Spore-print color is generally medium to dark purple-brown, except for a few species with rusty-brown spores. There is a great deal of variation, however, since this group, as presently delimited, is polyphyletic. Members of the core clade of ''Stropharia'' are characterized by crystalline acanthocytes among the hyphae t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
