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Republicanism In Morocco
Morocco, currently a monarchy, has known some attempts to establish republican forms of government. Some of those attempts are continuing to this day: * Morisco refugees from Andalusia formed in Salé and Rabat the '' Republic of Bou Regreg,'' a base for piracy (1627-1668). *Berber rebels in the Rif Region first established the Rif Republic (1921-1926) under Abd el-Krim against Spanish colonial rule, the state lasted until 1925 when the rebels tried to take the city of Fes, in a failed attempt to expand the republic into French Morocco. *In 1971 army cadets under General Madbouh and Colonel Ababuh attacked king Hassan II in the ''Shkirat'' palace. A republic was proclaimed on ''Radio Rabat'', but was suppressed by General Mohamed Oufkir. However, in 1972 Oufkir initiated his own coup d'état; the Air Force tried multiple times to bring down the king's airplane, attacked the Rabat airport and bombed the royal palace in Rabat. The coup ultimately failed. *During the 2011 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flag Of The Republic Of The Rif
A flag is a piece of fabric (most often rectangular) with distinctive colours and design. It is used as a symbol, a signalling device, or for decoration. The term ''flag'' is also used to refer to the graphic design employed, and flags have evolved into a general tool for rudimentary signalling and identification, especially in environments where communication is challenging (such as the maritime environment, where semaphore is used). Many flags fall into groups of similar designs called flag families. The study of flags is known as "vexillology" from the Latin , meaning "flag" or "banner". National flags are patriotic symbols with widely varied interpretations that often include strong military associations because of their original and ongoing use for that purpose. Flags are also used in messaging, advertising, or for decorative purposes. Some military units are called "flags" after their use of flags. A ''flag'' (Arabic: ) is equivalent to a brigade in Arab countries. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohamed Oufkir
General Mohamed Oufkir (; 16 August 1920 − 16 August 1972) was a Moroccan senior military officer who held many important governmental posts like the minister of interior and minister of defense. Throughout the 60s, he rose to become the regime's strongman having a close relationship with Hassan II of Morocco. It is believed that he was involved in the Ben Barka affair and that he was assassinated for his alleged role in the failed 1972 Moroccan coup attempt. Early Life Mohamed Oufkir was born on 16 August 1920 in the Ait Seghrouchen village of , in the Tafilalt region, the stronghold of High Atlas Berbers or the Berber-speaking village of Boudnib. His father, Ahmed Oufkir, was a French-appointed local caid and was appointed pasha of Boudnib by Hubert Lyautey in 1910. The name Oufkir means "the impoverished" according to his daughter Malika. He studied at the Berber College of Azrou near Meknes. In 1939, he entered the Military Academy of Dar El Beida, and in 194 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Republicanism In Morocco
Morocco, currently a monarchy, has known some attempts to establish republican forms of government. Some of those attempts are continuing to this day: * Morisco refugees from Andalusia formed in Salé and Rabat the '' Republic of Bou Regreg,'' a base for piracy (1627-1668). *Berber rebels in the Rif Region first established the Rif Republic (1921-1926) under Abd el-Krim against Spanish colonial rule, the state lasted until 1925 when the rebels tried to take the city of Fes, in a failed attempt to expand the republic into French Morocco. *In 1971 army cadets under General Madbouh and Colonel Ababuh attacked king Hassan II in the ''Shkirat'' palace. A republic was proclaimed on ''Radio Rabat'', but was suppressed by General Mohamed Oufkir. However, in 1972 Oufkir initiated his own coup d'état; the Air Force tried multiple times to bring down the king's airplane, attacked the Rabat airport and bombed the royal palace in Rabat. The coup ultimately failed. *During the 2011 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Democratic Way
Democratic Way (, ) is a legal Marxist-Leninist political party in Morocco, led by Mustapha Brahma and includes former members of the heavily repressed Ila al-Amam group and the Marxist-Leninist Moroccan Movement. Democratic Way has boycotted all the elections held since its creation as they do not consider them to be free, deeming them to be "democratic smokescreen" for the Makhzen. History and profile The party's Secretary General is Mustapha Brahma, who succeeded Abdallah El Harif in 2012. El Harif had led the party since its legalisation in 2004. The party has around 50 local sections in Morocco, as well as European branches for Moroccan immigrants in Spain, France, Italy and Belgium. Constituted in 1995 by members of the clandestine organization " Ila Al Amame" (Forward), integrated also sympathizers of the Marxist–Leninist Moroccan movement (MLMM). Ila Al-Amam, created in 1970 by dissidents of the short-lived Party of Liberation and Socialism (former Moroccan Communis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. The region includes Middle America (Americas), Middle America (comprising the Caribbean, Central America, and Mexico) and Northern America. North America covers an area of about , representing approximately 16.5% of Earth's land area and 4.8% of its total surface area. It is the third-largest continent by size after Asia and Africa, and the list of continents and continental subregions by population, fourth-largest continent by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. , North America's population was estimated as over 592 million people in list of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America, 23 independent states, or about 7.5% of the world's popula ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east. Europe shares the landmass of Eurasia with Asia, and of Afro-Eurasia with both Africa and Asia. Europe is commonly considered to be Boundaries between the continents#Asia and Europe, separated from Asia by the Drainage divide, watershed of the Ural Mountains, the Ural (river), Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Greater Caucasus, the Black Sea, and the waterway of the Bosporus, Bosporus Strait. "Europe" (pp. 68–69); "Asia" (pp. 90–91): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles." Europe covers approx. , or 2% of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface (6.8% of Earth's land area), making it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ila Al-Amam (Morocco)
''Ila al-Amam'' (, 'Forward', also ''Ila Al Amame'') was a Marxist group in Morocco founded by the Moroccan engineer Abraham Serfaty and other left-wing activists in 1970. It was an underground movement whose members lived in hiding and distributed political leaflets. Most of its members were arrested and imprisoned in 1974 and received heavy prison sentences. Despite being short-lived, the movement was considered an essential cornerstone of Moroccan Marxism and in 1995, the left-wing party Annahj Addimocrati was constituted as a continuation of Ila al-Amam. One of the members of ''Ila al-Amam'' was Driss Benzekri, who directed the Equity and Reconciliation Commission The Equity and Reconciliation Commission (, , ; IER) was a Moroccan truth and reconciliation commission active under a two-year mandate from 2004 to 2005 focusing on human rights abuses committed during the Years of Lead mainly under King Hass ... (IER) in 2003. Another is Abdelhamid Amine, vice-president of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al Adl Wa Al Ihssane
Al Adl wal Ihsane (; Justice and Kindness or ''Justice and Spirituality'') is a Moroccan Islamist association, founded by Cheikh Abdesslam Yassine. This association is not legal but is tolerated by the Moroccan authorities. The current leader is Mohammed Abbadi, who was elected secretary-general of the organization. Founder Its founder, Abdessalam Yassine, an old inspector in the Moroccan National Education Ministry was initially a member of Zaouia boutchichia, a Sufi brotherhood that he quit after deploring its evolution and because he was not offered the role of the leader of this brotherhood prior to his son. Yassine was also heavily influenced at his beginnings by the thinking of Sayyid Qutb, he considered that the Moroccan society lives in a '' fitna'' (division) under the regime of ignorance. He also started advocating for a policy near Iran's after the revolution. Journey Abdessalam Yassine was born in 1928. His father, a poor peasant, belonged to the family of "Ait-Bi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2011–2012 Moroccan Protests
The Moroccan protests were a series of demonstrations across Morocco which occurred from 20 February 2011 to the fall of 2012. They were part of the larger Arab Spring protests. The protests were organized by the 20 February Movement. Origin The protests in Morocco were inspired by the Arab Spring protests and revolutions in other North African and Middle Eastern countries. They were centred around demands for political reform, which included reform against police brutality, electoral fraud, political censorship and high unemployment. Timeline 2011 On 20 February, thousands of Moroccans rallied in the capital, Rabat, to demand that King Mohammed give up some of his powers, chanting slogans such as "Down with autocracy" and "The people want to change the constitution." They were heading towards the parliament building, and police did not halt them, although Moroccan Finance Minister Salaheddine Mezouar said that people should not join the march. A separate protest was underway i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Royal Moroccan Air Force
The Royal Moroccan Air Force (; ; ) is the air force of the Moroccan Armed Forces. History The Moroccan air force was formed on 14 May 1956 as the Sherifian Royal Aviation (). Its modern installations and bases were inherited from France (Bassatine Air Base, Meknes, Rabat-Salé Airport, Rabat in tandem with the United States, Marrakech-Menara Airport, Marrakech, Kenitra Air Base, Kenitra, Ben Guerir Air Base, Ben Guerir, Ben Slimane Airport, Boulhault, Nouasseur Air Base, Nouasseur, and Sidi Slimane Air Base, Sidi Slimane), and later Spain (Hassan I Airport, Laayoune). In the 1950s and 1960s, American aircraft were deployed in several of these bases, including nuclear bombers from the Strategic Air Command. The first aircraft of this newly formed air force were 16 Morane-Saulnier Alcyons, five Max Holste Broussard, Max Holste MH.1521 Broussard transport aircraft, one Aérospatiale Alouette II, and one Bell H-13 Sioux. In 1961, it obtained 12 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 fighters, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1972 Moroccan Coup Attempt
The 1972 Moroccan coup attempt was an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate King Hassan II of Morocco on 16 August 1972. The attempted coup d'état occurred in Morocco when a rebel faction within the Moroccan military attempted to shoot down an aircraft carrying the King of Morocco, Hassan II. The attempt was orchestrated by General Mohamed Oufkir, a close advisor to King Hassan and Colonel Mohamed Amekrane, commander of the Kenitra Air Base. The coup aimed at overthrowing the authoritarian monarchy of King Hassan and his Alaouite dynasty in Morocco and forming a democratic republic that represented the Moroccan people instead. On August 16, 6 Northrop F-5 jets, acting on General Oufkir's orders, intercepted King Hassan's Boeing 727 as it returned from France. Reportedly, King Hassan grabbed the radio and told the rebel pilots, "Stop firing! The tyrant is dead!" Fooled, the rebel pilots broke off their attack, believing that their mission had been accomplished. Eight passengers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hassan II Of Morocco
Hassan II (; 9 July 1929 – 23 July 1999) was King of Morocco from 1961 until his death in 1999. A member of the Alawi dynasty, he was the eldest son of King Mohammed V of Morocco, Mohammed V, and his second wife Princess Lalla Abla bint Tahar, Abla bint Tahar. He was named crown prince in 1957 and was the first commander-in-chief of the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces, Royal Armed Forces. He was enthroned as king in 1961 following his father's death. His reign was marked by the start of the Western Sahara conflict and the Sand War, as well as two failed coup attempts against him 1971 Moroccan coup attempt, in 1971 and 1972 Moroccan coup attempt, in 1972. Hassan's conservative approach reportedly strengthened his rule over Morocco and the Western Sahara. He was accused of Authoritarianism, authoritarian practices, as well as human rights and civil rights abuses, particularly during the Years of Lead (Morocco), Years of Lead. A Equity and Reconciliation Commission, truth c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
