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Reformatory Political Federation Politicians
A reformatory or reformatory school is a youth detention center or an adult corrections, correctional facility popular during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Western world, Western countries. In the United Kingdom and United States, they came out of social concerns about cities, poverty, immigration, and gender following Industrialisation, industrialization, as well as from a shift in penology to Prison reform, reforming instead of punishing the criminal. They were traditionally single-sex institutions that relied on education, vocational training, and removal from the city. Although their use declined throughout the 20th century, their impact can be seen in practices like the United States' continued implementation of parole and the indeterminate Sentence (law), sentence. United Kingdom Reformatories and industrial schools Reformatory schools were penal facilities originating in the 19th century that provided for criminal children and were certified by the government ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Youth Detention Center
In criminal justice systems, a youth detention center, known as a juvenile detention center (JDC),Stahl, Dean, Karen Kerchelich, and Ralph De Sola. ''Abbreviations Dictionary''. CRC Press, 20011202. Retrieved 23 August 2010. , . juvenile detention, juvenile jail, juvenile hall, observation home or remand home is a prison for people under the age of majority, to which they have been sentenced and committed for a period of time, or detained on a short-term basis while awaiting trial or placement in a long-term care program. Juveniles go through a separate court system, the juvenile court, which sentences or commits juveniles to a certain program or facility. Some juveniles are released directly back into the community to undergo community-based rehabilitative programs, while others juveniles may pose a greater threat to society and to themselves and therefore are in need of a stay in a supervised juvenile detention center. If a juvenile is sent by the courts to a juvenile dete ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samuel Hoare Jr
Samuel Hoare Jr (9 August 1751 – 14 July 1825) was a wealthy British Quaker banker and abolitionist born in Stoke Newington, then to the north of London in the county of Middlesex. From 1790, he lived at Heath House on Hampstead Heath. He was one of the twelve founding members of the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. Background Hoare's parents were Samuel Hoare Sr (1716–1796), a London merchant from an Irish background, and Grizell Gurnell (c. 1722–1802), of Ealing.''Memoirs of Samuel Hoare by his daughter Sarah and his widow Hannah'', ed. F. R. Pryor. Headley Brothers, Bishopsgate, London 1911. It was a numerous family, although the eldest son, Joseph, died at 25. His only surviving brother Jonathan, merchant of Throgmorton Street and partner in Gurnell, Hoare & Co, built Paradise House (now Clissold House and open to the public), a mansion in what became Clissold Park, across Stoke Newington Church Street from the family home in Paradise Row. Jonathan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akbar Scandal
The timeline of children's rights in the United Kingdom includes a variety of events that are both political and grassroots in nature. The UK government maintains a position that the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) is not legally enforceable and is hence 'aspirational' only, although a 2003 ECHR ruling states that, "The human rights of children and the standards to which all governments must aspire in realising these rights for all children are set out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child." Eighteen years after ratification, the four Children's Commissioners in the UK (including those for the three devolved administrations) have united in calling for adoption of the Convention into domestic legislation, making children's rights recognised and legally binding. Opponents of children's rights often raise the objection that rights must entail responsibilities. The children's rights movement asserts rather that children have rights which adults, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Bull (magazine)
''John Bull'' is the name of a succession of different periodicals published in the United Kingdom during the period 1820–1964. In its original form, a Sunday newspaper published from 1820 to 1892, ''John Bull'' was a champion of traditionalist conservatism. From 1906 to 1920, under Member of Parliament Horatio Bottomley, ''John Bull'' became a platform for his trenchant populist views. A 1946 relaunch by Odhams Press transformed ''John Bull'' magazine into something similar in style to the American magazine ''The Saturday Evening Post''. All versions of the publication intended to cash in on John Bull, the national personification of the United Kingdom in general and England in particular. (In political cartoons and similar graphic works, John Bull is usually depicted as a stout, middle-aged, country-dwelling, jolly and matter-of-fact man.) Sunday newspaper The original ''John Bull'' was a Sunday newspaper established in the City, London EC4, by Theodore Hook in 1820. U ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heswall
Heswall () is a coastal town in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral in Merseyside, England. It was historically part of Cheshire and became part of Merseyside in 1974. It is located on the Wirral Peninsula. At the 2021 United Kingdom census, 2021 census, the population of the built up area as defined by the Office for National Statistics was 29,075. History Early history Before the Norman Conquest, Heswall has been cited as a possible location for Dingesmere, mentioned with regard to the Battle of Brunanburh, in ''Egil's Saga''. Heswall was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as ''Eswelle'', owned by Robert de Rodelent, who also owned much of the land on the eastern side of the River Dee. In 1277, it became the property of Patrick de Haselwall, who was Sheriff of Cheshire. Development In 1801, the population was recorded as 168. By the census in 1841, it had grown to 398. Before 1897 it was known as ''Hestlewelle'' or ''Hesselwelle''. Its growth was started by wealthy merchant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mount St Bernard Abbey
Mount St Bernard Abbey is a Roman Catholic monastery belonging to the Trappists, Trappist Order, near Coalville, Leicestershire, England, founded in 1835 in the parish of Whitwick and now in that of Charley, Leicestershire, Charley. The abbey was the first permanent monastery to be founded in England since the Reformation and is the sole Trappist house in England. The monks brew the only Trappist beer in Britain. History Background The early history of Mount St Bernard Abbey is linked with an earlier, short-lived foundation of Cistercian monks in East Lulworth, Lulworth, Dorset and with the Abbey of Mount Melleray in Ireland. Following the suppression of monasteries in France, a small colony of dispossessed Trappist monks had arrived in London in 1794, with the intention of moving on to found a monastery in Canada. They came to the attention of Thomas Weld (of Lulworth), Thomas Weld, a Catholic Recusancy, recusant and philanthropist who distinguished himself in relieving the mis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Birching
Birching is a form of corporal punishment with a birch rod, typically used to strike the recipient's bare buttocks, although occasionally the back and/or shoulders. Implement A birch rod (often shortened to "birch") is a bundle of leafless twigs bound together to form an implement for administering corporal punishment. Contrary to what the name suggests, a birch rod is not a single rod and is not necessarily made from birch twigs, but can also be made from various other strong and smooth branches of trees or shrubs, such as willow. A ''hazel rod'' is particularly painful; a bundle of four or five hazel twigs was used in the 1960s and 1970s on the Isle of Man, the last jurisdiction in Europe to use birching as a judicial penalty. Another factor in the severity of a birch rod is its size—i.e. its length, weight and number of branches. In some penal institutions, several versions were in use, which were often given names. For example, in Dartmoor Prison the device used to pun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hard Labour
Penal labour is a term for various kinds of forced labour that prisoners are required to perform, typically manual labour. The work may be light or hard, depending on the context. Forms of sentence involving penal labour have included involuntary servitude, penal servitude, and imprisonment with hard labour. The term may refer to several related scenarios: labour as a form of punishment, the prison system used as a means to secure labour, and labour as providing occupation for convicts. These scenarios can be applied to those imprisoned for political, religious, war, or other reasons as well as to criminal convicts. Large-scale implementations of penal labour include labour camps, prison farms, penal colonies, penal military units, penal transportation, or aboard prison ships. Punitive versus productive labour Punitive labour, also known as convict labour, prison labour, or hard labour, is a form of forced labour used in both the past and the present as an additional f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oakum
Oakum is a preparation of tarred fibers used to seal gaps. Its traditional application was in shipbuilding for caulking or packing the joints of timbers in wooden vessels and the deck planking of iron and steel ships. Oakum was also used in plumbing for sealing joints in cast iron pipe, and in log cabins for chinking. In shipbuilding it was forced into the seams using a hammer and a caulking iron, then sealed into place with hot pitch. It is also referenced frequently as a medical supply for medieval surgeons, often used alongside bandages for sealing wounds. History The word oakum derives from Middle English ', from Old English ', from ' ( separative and perfective prefix) + ' (akin to Old English ', "comb")—literally "off-combings". Oakum was at one time recycled from old tarry ropes and cordage, which were painstakingly unravelled and reduced to fibre, termed "picking". The task of picking and preparation was a common occupation in prisons and workhouses, where the y ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
River Mersey
The River Mersey () is a major river in North West England. Its name derives from Old English and means "boundary river", possibly referring to its having been a border between the ancient kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria. For centuries it has formed part of the boundary between the historic counties of Lancashire and Cheshire. The Mersey starts at the confluence of the River Tame and River Goyt in Stockport. It flows westwards through south Manchester, then into the Manchester Ship Canal near Irlam Locks, becoming a part of the canal and maintaining its water levels. After it exits the canal, flowing towards Warrington where it widens. It then narrows as it passes between Runcorn and Widnes. The river widens into a large estuary, which is across at its widest point near Ellesmere Port. The course of the river then turns northwards as the estuary narrows between Liverpool and Birkenhead on the Wirral Peninsula to the west, and empties into Liverpool Bay. In total the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Birkenhead
Birkenhead () is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, Merseyside, England. The town is on the Wirral Peninsula, along the west bank of the River Mersey, opposite Liverpool. It lies within the Historic counties of England, historic county boundaries of Cheshire, and became part of Merseyside in 1974. At the 2021 United Kingdom census, 2021 census, the built up area as defined by the Office for National Statistics had a population of 109,835. Birkenhead Priory and the Mersey Ferry were established in the 12th century. In the 19th century, Birkenhead expanded greatly as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution, leading to a shipbuilding firm which became Cammell Laird. A Great Float, seaport was established. As the town grew, Birkenhead Park and Hamilton Square were laid out. The first street tramway in Britain was built, followed by the Mersey Railway which connected Birkenhead and Liverpool through the world's first railway tunnel beneath a tidal estuary. In the sec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HMS Hero (1816)
HMS ''Wellington'' was a 74-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 21 September 1816 at Deptford Dockyard. The ship had originally been named HMS ''Hero'', but was renamed ''Wellington'' on 4 December 1816. She became a training ship in 1862, and ''Wellington'' was eventually sold out of the Navy in 1908. In 1826, HMS ''Wellington'' introduced mosquitos to the Hawaiian Islands. These mosquitoes were introduced to a stream on Maui when sailors seeking fresh water rinsed out their water barrels in the stream. Prior to this, no mosquitoes lived in Hawaii.Patterson 2009, p.162 Fate ''Wellington'' was converted to a training ship and named ''Akbar'' on 10 May 1862.Colledge & Warlow 2006, p.162 In January 1877, she was driven ashore at Rock Ferry, Cheshire. She was refloated on 4 January. ''Akbar'' served in as a training ship until 1908. She arrived at Thos. W. Ward Thos. W. Ward Ltd was a Sheffield, Yorkshire, business primarily working steel, e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
