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Pyrosulfates
In chemistry, disulfate or pyrosulfate is the anion with the molecular formula . Disulfate is the IUPAC name. It has a dichromate-like structure and can be visualised as two corner-sharing SO4 tetrahedra, with a bridging oxygen atom. In this anion, sulfur has an oxidation state of +6. Disulfate is the conjugate base of the hydrogen disulfate (hydrogen pyrosulfate) ion , which in turn is the conjugate base of disulfuric acid (pyrosulfuric acid). Role in sulfation Industrial production of sulfate ester-based surfactants involves the reaction ( sulfation) of fatty alcohols with sulfur trioxide. For example, dodecyl alcohol is sulfated using sulfur trioxide. The reaction proceeds by initial formation of the pyrosulfate: : : Several million tons are produced annually. See also * Potassium pyrosulfate Potassium pyrosulfate, or potassium disulfate, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula K2S2O7. Production Potassium pyrosulfate is obtained by the thermal deco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodium Pyrosulfate
Sodium pyrosulfate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula of Na2S2O7. It is a colorless salt. It hydrolyses in water to form sodium bisulfate with a chemical formula of NaHSO4 which has a pH of around 1. Preparation Sodium pyrosulfate is obtained by heating sodium bisulfate to 280 °C (536 °F) : 2 NaHSO4 → Na2S2O7 + H2O Temperatures above 460 °C further decompose the compound, producing sodium sulfate and sulfur trioxide: : Na2S2O7 → Na2SO4 + SO3 Applications Sodium pyrosulfate was used in analytical chemistry. Samples are fused with sodium pyrosulfate to ensure complete dissolution before a quantitative analysis. See also * Pyrosulfate * Potassium bisulfate *Potassium pyrosulfate Potassium pyrosulfate, or potassium disulfate, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula K2S2O7. Production Potassium pyrosulfate is obtained by the thermal decomposition of other salts, most directly from potassium bisulfate: : 2 KHSO4 ... References {{Sod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potassium Pyrosulfate
Potassium pyrosulfate, or potassium disulfate, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula K2S2O7. Production Potassium pyrosulfate is obtained by the thermal decomposition of other salts, most directly from potassium bisulfate: : 2 KHSO4 → K2S2O7 + H2O Temperatures above 600°C further decompose potassium pyrosulfate to potassium sulfate and sulfur trioxide however: : K2S2O7 → K2SO4 + SO3 Other salts, such as potassium trisulfate, can also decompose into potassium pyrosulfate. Chemical structure Potassium pyrosulfate contains the pyrosulfate anion which has a dichromate-like Chemical structure, structure. The Molecular geometry, geometry can be visualized as a tetrahedron with two corners sharing the Sulfate, SO4 anion's configuration and a centrally bridged oxygen atom. A semi-Structural_formula#Condensed_formulas, structural formula for the pyrosulfate anion is O3SOSO32−. The oxidation state of sulfur in this compound is +6. Uses Potassium pyrosulfate is used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Disulfuric Acid
Disulfuric acid (alternative spelling disulphuric acid) or pyrosulfuric acid (alternative spelling pyrosulphuric acid), also named oleum, is a sulfur oxoacid. It is a major constituent of fuming sulfuric acid, oleum, and this is how most chemists encounter it. As confirmed by X-ray crystallography, the molecule consists of a pair of SO2(OH) groups joined by an oxide. Reactions It is also a minor constituent of liquid anhydrous sulfuric acid due to the equilibria: : : : The acid is prepared by reacting excess sulfur trioxide (SO3) with sulfuric acid: : Disulfuric acid can be seen as the sulfuric acid structural analog, analog of an acid anhydride. The mutual electron-withdrawing effects of each sulfuric acid unit on its neighbour causes a marked increase in acidity. Disulfuric acid is strong enough to protonation, protonate "normal" sulfuric acid in the (anhydrous) sulfuric acid solvent system. There are salts of disulfuric acid, commonly called pyrosulfates, e.g. potassium pyro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sulfur Trioxide
Sulfur trioxide (alternative spelling sulphur trioxide) is the chemical compound with the formula SO3. It has been described as "unquestionably the most conomicallyimportant sulfur oxide". It is prepared on an industrial scale as a precursor to sulfuric acid. Sulfur trioxide exists in several forms: gaseous monomer, crystalline trimer, and solid polymer. Sulfur trioxide is a solid at just below room temperature with a relatively narrow liquid range. Gaseous SO3 is the primary precursor to acid rain. Molecular structure and bonding Monomer The molecule SO3 is trigonal planar. As predicted by VSEPR theory, its structure belongs to the D3h point group. The sulfur atom has an oxidation state of +6 and may be assigned a formal charge value as low as 0 (if all three sulfur-oxygen bonds are assumed to be double bonds) or as high as +2 (if the Octet Rule is assumed). When the formal charge is non-zero, the S-O bonding is assumed to be delocalized. In any case the three S-O bond leng ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrocarbonate
A dicarbonate, also known as a pyrocarbonate, is a chemical containing the divalent or functional group, which consists of two carbonate groups sharing an oxygen atom. It is one of polycarbonate functional groups. These compounds can be viewed as derivatives of the hypothetical compound dicarbonic acid, or . Three important organic compounds containing this group are: * dimethyl dicarbonate * diethyl dicarbonate * di-''tert''-butyl dicarbonate , also known as Boc anhydride. It is one of the oxocarbon anions, consisting solely of oxygen and carbon. The anion has the formula or . Dicarbonate salts are apparently unstable at ambient conditions, but can be made under pressure and may have a fleeting existence in carbonate solutions. The term ''dicarbonate'' is sometimes used erroneously to refer to bicarbonate, the common name of the hydrogencarbonate anion or esters of the hydrogencarbonate functional group . It is also sometimes used for chemicals that contain two ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrophosphate
In chemistry, pyrophosphates are phosphorus oxyanions that contain two phosphorus atoms in a linkage. A number of pyrophosphate salts exist, such as disodium pyrophosphate () and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (), among others. Often pyrophosphates are called diphosphates. The parent pyrophosphates are derived from partial or complete neutralization of pyrophosphoric acid. The pyrophosphate bond is also sometimes referred to as a phosphoanhydride bond, a naming convention which emphasizes the loss of water that occurs when two phosphates form a new bond, and which mirrors the nomenclature for Organic acid anhydride, anhydrides of carboxylic acids. Pyrophosphates are found in Adenosine triphosphate, ATP and other nucleotide triphosphates, which are important in biochemistry. The term pyrophosphate is also the name of esters formed by the condensation of a phosphorylated biological compound with inorganic phosphate, as for dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. This bond is also referred to as a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dodecyl Alcohol
Dodecanol , or lauryl alcohol, is an organic compound produced industrially from palm kernel oil or coconut oil. It is a fatty alcohol. Sulfate esters of lauryl alcohol, especially sodium lauryl sulfate, are very widely used as surfactants. Sodium lauryl sulfate and the related dodecanol derivatives ammonium lauryl sulfate and sodium laureth sulfate are all used in shampoos. Dodecanol is tasteless, colorless, and has a floral odor. Production and use In 1993, the European demand of dodecanol was around 60,000 tonnes per year. It can be obtained from palm oil or coconut oil fatty acids and methyl esters by hydrogenation. It may also be produced synthetically via the Ziegler process. A classic laboratory method involves Bouveault-Blanc reduction of ethyl laurate. Dodecanol is used to make surfactants, which are used in lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. Millions of tons of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) are produced annually by sulfation of dodecyl alcohol: : : Dodecanol is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fatty Alcohol
Fatty alcohols (or long-chain alcohols) are usually high-molecular mass, straight-chain primary alcohols, but can also range from as few as 4–6 carbon atoms to as many as 22–26, derived from natural fats and oils. The precise chain length varies with the source. Some commercially important fatty alcohols are Lauryl alcohol, lauryl, Stearyl alcohol, stearyl, and oleyl alcohol. They are colourless oily liquids (for smaller carbon numbers) or waxy solids, although impure samples may appear yellow. Fatty alcohols usually have an even number of carbon atoms and a single alcohol group (–OH) attached to the terminal carbon. Some are unsaturated and some are branched. They are widely used in industry. As with fatty acids, they are often referred to generically by the number of carbon atoms in the molecule, such as "a C12 alcohol", that is an alcohol having 12 carbon atoms, for example dodecanol. Production and occurrence Fatty alcohols became commercially available in the early 1900s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anion
An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convention. The net charge of an ion is not zero because its total number of electrons is unequal to its total number of protons. A cation is a positively charged ion with fewer electrons than protons (e.g. K+ ( potassium ion)) while an anion is a negatively charged ion with more electrons than protons (e.g. Cl− ( chloride ion) and OH− ( hydroxide ion)). Opposite electric charges are pulled towards one another by electrostatic force, so cations and anions attract each other and readily form ionic compounds. Ions consisting of only a single atom are termed ''monatomic ions'', ''atomic ions'' or ''simple ions'', while ions consisting of two or more atoms are termed polyatomic ions or ''molecular ions''. If only a + or − is present, it indi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sulfate Ester
In organosulfur chemistry, organosulfates are a class of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the structure . The core is a sulfate group and the R group is any Organyl group, organic residue. All organosulfates are formally esters derived from Alcohol (chemistry), alcohols and sulfuric acid () although many are not prepared in this way. Many sulfate esters are used in detergents, and some are useful reagents. Alkyl sulfates consist of a hydrophobe, hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain, a polar sulfate group (containing an anion) and either a cation or amine to neutralize the sulfate group. Examples include: sodium lauryl sulfate (also known as sulfuric acid mono dodecyl ester sodium salt) and related potassium and ammonium salts. Applications Alkyl sulfates are commonly used as anionic surfactants in liquid soaps and detergents used to clean wool, as surface cleaners, and as active ingredients in laundry detergents, shampoos and conditioners. They can also be fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
