Productida

	Productida Productida is an extinct order of brachiopods in the extinct class Strophomenata. Members of Productida first appeared during the Silurian. They represented the most abundant group of brachiopods during the Permian The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years, from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.902 Mya. It is the s ... period, accounting for 45-70% of all species. The vast majority of species went extinct during the Permian-Triassic extinction event, though a handful survived into the Early Triassic. Many productids are covered in hollow tubular spines, which are characteristic of the group. A number of functions for the spines have been proposed, including as a defensive mechanism against predators. Taxonomy Following the Treatise * Suborder Chonetidina Superfamily Chonetoidea * Family Strophochonetidae * Family Chonostr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:** [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Productidae Productidae is an extinct Family (biology), family of Brachiopod, brachiopods which lived from the Upper Devonian to Upper Permian periods in marine environments. It is the most diversified family in the suborder Productidina, with some 100 genera. Taxonomic history The exact evolutionary relationships of Productidae as well as which groups belong to this family have been a matter of extensive debate throughout much of the 20th Century, primarily due to the three genera ''Buxtonia'', ''Pustula (brachiopod), Pustula'' and ''Juresania'' (with the debate later expanded to their families and subfamilies) shifting in position repeatedly between phylogenies and classifications. The emphasis on internal versus external characters to determine the systematics of these groups has largely been responsible for this: the original ''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology'' published in 1965 placed emphasis on internal characters (including the cardinal process) as diagnostic, whereas the 2000 r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Echinoconchidae Echinoconchidae is an extinct family of brachiopods which lived from the Lower Carboniferous to Upper Permian periods in marine habitats. Currently, four subfamilies are assigned to it, though the evolutionary relationships between them and the family Productidae have been heavily debated for the better part of the 20th Century. Taxonomic history The exact evolutionary relationships of Echinoconchidae as well as which groups belong to this family have been a matter of extensive debate throughout much of the 20th Century, primarily due to the three genera '' Buxtonia'', '' Pustula'' and '' Juresania'' (with the debate later expanded to their families and subfamilies) shifting in position repeatedly between phylogenies and classifications. The emphasis on internal versus external characters to determine the systematics of these groups has largely been responsible for this: the original ''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology'' published in 1965 placed emphasis on internal characters ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Strophomenata Strophomenata is an extinct class of brachiopods in the subphylum Rhynchonelliformea. They originated in the Cambrian period, hugely diversified during the Ordovician, and faced near extinction from the Permian-Triassic extinction. Only a few lingered around in the Triassic until eventually going extinct. They were an exceptionally diverse group of brachiopods, and within the group the Strophomenids of the early Paleozoic and Productids of the late Paleozoic hugely contributed to the immense diversity. Common Features In ''The phylogeny and classification of Rhynchonelliformea'', Strophomenates are described as having "no definite synapomorphies In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to ...". A number of common features appear throughout the group, but there are many excep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Rugosochonetidae Rugosochonetidae is an extinct family of brachiopods in the extinct order Productida Productida is an extinct order of brachiopods in the extinct class Strophomenata. Members of Productida first appeared during the Silurian. They represented the most abundant group of brachiopods during the Permian The Permian ( ) is a geolog .... References External links * * Prehistoric protostome families Brachiopod families Productida Devonian first appearances Early Triassic extinctions {{brachiopod-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Productidina Productidina is a suborder of brachiopods containing the families: * Superfamily Productoidea Family Productellidae Family Productidae * Superfamily Echinoconchoidea Family Echinoconchidae Family Sentosiidae * Superfamily Linoproductoidea Family Linoproductidae Linoproductidae is an extinct Family (biology), family of brachiopods which lived during the Carboniferous and Permian periods. The family was widespread across marine habitats, with fossils having been found on all continents except Antarctica. ... Family Monticuliferidae Family Shrenkiellidae References Strophomenata {{Brachiopod-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:** [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Strophalosiidina Strophalosiidina is a suborder of Brachiopod Brachiopods (), phylum (biology), phylum Brachiopoda, are a phylum of animals that have hard "valves" (shells) on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs. Brachiopod valves are hinged at the rear e ... containing the families: * Superfamily Strophalosioidea Family Strophalosiidae Family Chonopectidae ** Family Araksalosiidae * Superfamily Aulostegoidea Family Aulostegidae Family Cooperinidae ** Family Scacchinellidae * Superfamily Richthofenioidea Family Richthofeniidae Family Hercosiidae Family Cyclacanthariidae Family Gemmellaroiidae References Strophomenata Productida {{Brachiopod-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Lyttoniidina Lyttoniidina is a suborder of the brachiopod order Productida Productida is an extinct order of brachiopods in the extinct class Strophomenata. Members of Productida first appeared during the Silurian. They represented the most abundant group of brachiopods during the Permian The Permian ( ) is a geolog ... containing the families: * Superfamily Lyttonioidea Family Lyttoniidae Family Rigbyellidae * Superfamily Permianelloidea Family Permianellidae References Strophomenata {{Brachiopod-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:** [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Permian The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years, from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.902 Mya. It is the sixth and last period of the Paleozoic Era; the following Triassic Period belongs to the Mesozoic Era. The concept of the Permian was introduced in 1841 by geologist Sir Roderick Murchison, who named it after the Perm Governorate, region of Perm in Russia. The Permian witnessed the diversification of the two groups of amniotes, the synapsids and the Sauropsida, sauropsids (reptiles). The world at the time was dominated by the supercontinent Pangaea, which had formed due to the collision of Euramerica and Gondwana during the Carboniferous. Pangaea was surrounded by the superocean Panthalassa. The Carboniferous rainforest collapse left behind vast regions of desert within the continental interior. Amniotes, which could better cope with these ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Linoproductoidea Linoproductoidea is an extinct superfamily of brachiopods which lived from the Devonian to Permian periods. Their fossils have been found in marine formations dating to those periods on all continents. Description Linoproductoids commonly had long but simple trails, and fine, regular ribbing across the entire shell. Thick and symmetrical ventral spines were present on the hinge and diverse across the remainder of the valve, while the dorsal valve lacked spines (except in grandaurispinins and certain gigantoproductins). Evolution Initially, the surface of the ventral valves of linoproductoids had posterior and anterior spines of around the same thickness. Very early in the Carboniferous, the group evolved two additional spine-distribution patterns: one with the thickest spines confined to the hinge A hinge is a mechanical bearing that connects two solid objects, typically allowing only a limited angle of rotation between them. Two objects connected by an ideal hinge rota ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]