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Probability Distribution Fitting
Probability distribution fitting or simply distribution fitting is the fitting of a probability distribution to a series of data concerning the repeated measurement of a variable phenomenon. The aim of distribution fitting is to predict the probability or to forecast the frequency of occurrence of the magnitude of the phenomenon in a certain interval. There are many probability distributions (see list of probability distributions) of which some can be fitted more closely to the observed frequency of the data than others, depending on the characteristics of the phenomenon and of the distribution. The distribution giving a close fit is supposed to lead to good predictions. In distribution fitting, therefore, one needs to select a distribution that suits the data well. Selection of distribution The selection of the appropriate distribution depends on the presence or absence of symmetry of the data set with respect to the central tendency. ''Symmetrical distributions'' When ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Probability Distribution
In probability theory and statistics, a probability distribution is the mathematical function that gives the probabilities of occurrence of different possible outcomes for an experiment. It is a mathematical description of a random phenomenon in terms of its sample space and the probabilities of events (subsets of the sample space). For instance, if is used to denote the outcome of a coin toss ("the experiment"), then the probability distribution of would take the value 0.5 (1 in 2 or 1/2) for , and 0.5 for (assuming that the coin is fair). Examples of random phenomena include the weather conditions at some future date, the height of a randomly selected person, the fraction of male students in a school, the results of a survey to be conducted, etc. Introduction A probability distribution is a mathematical description of the probabilities of events, subsets of the sample space. The sample space, often denoted by \Omega, is the set of all possible outcomes of a ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Gumbel Distribution
In probability theory and statistics, the Gumbel distribution (also known as the type-I generalized extreme value distribution) is used to model the distribution of the maximum (or the minimum) of a number of samples of various distributions. This distribution might be used to represent the distribution of the maximum level of a river in a particular year if there was a list of maximum values for the past ten years. It is useful in predicting the chance that an extreme earthquake, flood or other natural disaster will occur. The potential applicability of the Gumbel distribution to represent the distribution of maxima relates to extreme value theory, which indicates that it is likely to be useful if the distribution of the underlying sample data is of the normal or exponential type. ''This article uses the Gumbel distribution to model the distribution of the maximum value''. ''To model the minimum value, use the negative of the original values.'' The Gumbel distribution is a pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Expected Value
In probability theory, the expected value (also called expectation, expectancy, mathematical expectation, mean, average, or first moment) is a generalization of the weighted average. Informally, the expected value is the arithmetic mean of a large number of independently selected outcomes of a random variable. The expected value of a random variable with a finite number of outcomes is a weighted average of all possible outcomes. In the case of a continuum of possible outcomes, the expectation is defined by integration. In the axiomatic foundation for probability provided by measure theory, the expectation is given by Lebesgue integration. The expected value of a random variable is often denoted by , , or , with also often stylized as or \mathbb. History The idea of the expected value originated in the middle of the 17th century from the study of the so-called problem of points, which seeks to divide the stakes ''in a fair way'' between two players, who have to e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Maximum Likelihood
In statistics, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is a method of estimating the parameters of an assumed probability distribution, given some observed data. This is achieved by maximizing a likelihood function so that, under the assumed statistical model, the observed data is most probable. The point in the parameter space that maximizes the likelihood function is called the maximum likelihood estimate. The logic of maximum likelihood is both intuitive and flexible, and as such the method has become a dominant means of statistical inference. If the likelihood function is differentiable, the derivative test for finding maxima can be applied. In some cases, the first-order conditions of the likelihood function can be solved analytically; for instance, the ordinary least squares estimator for a linear regression model maximizes the likelihood when all observed outcomes are assumed to have Normal distributions with the same variance. From the perspective of Bayesian in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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L-moment
In statistics, L-moments are a sequence of statistics used to summarize the shape of a probability distribution. They are linear combinations of order statistics (L-statistics) analogous to conventional moments, and can be used to calculate quantities analogous to standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis, termed the L-scale, L-skewness and L-kurtosis respectively (the L-mean is identical to the conventional mean). Standardised L-moments are called L-moment ratios and are analogous to standardized moments. Just as for conventional moments, a theoretical distribution has a set of population L-moments. Sample L-moments can be defined for a sample from the population, and can be used as estimators of the population L-moments. Population L-moments For a random variable ''X'', the ''r''th population L-moment is : \lambda_r = r^ \sum_^ , where ''X''''k:n'' denotes the ''k''th order statistic (''k''th smallest value) in an independent sample of size ''n'' from the distribution o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Maximum Spacing Estimation
In statistics, maximum spacing estimation (MSE or MSP), or maximum product of spacing estimation (MPS), is a method for estimating the parameters of a univariate statistical model. The method requires maximization of the geometric mean of ''spacings'' in the data, which are the differences between the values of the cumulative distribution function at neighbouring data points. The concept underlying the method is based on the probability integral transform, in that a set of independent random samples derived from any random variable should on average be uniformly distributed with respect to the cumulative distribution function of the random variable. The MPS method chooses the parameter values that make the observed data as uniform as possible, according to a specific quantitative measure of uniformity. One of the most common methods for estimating the parameters of a distribution from data, the method of maximum likelihood (MLE), can break down in various cases, such as involvi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Method Of Moments (statistics)
In statistics, the method of moments is a method of estimation of population parameters. The same principle is used to derive higher moments like skewness and kurtosis. It starts by expressing the population moments (i.e., the expected values of powers of the random variable under consideration) as functions of the parameters of interest. Those expressions are then set equal to the sample moments. The number of such equations is the same as the number of parameters to be estimated. Those equations are then solved for the parameters of interest. The solutions are estimates of those parameters. The method of moments was introduced by Pafnuty Chebyshev in 1887 in the proof of the central limit theorem. The idea of matching empirical moments of a distribution to the population moments dates back at least to Pearson. Method Suppose that the problem is to estimate k unknown parameters \theta_, \theta_2, \dots, \theta_k characterizing the distribution f_W(w; \theta) of the random ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Parameter
A parameter (), generally, is any characteristic that can help in defining or classifying a particular system (meaning an event, project, object, situation, etc.). That is, a parameter is an element of a system that is useful, or critical, when identifying the system, or when evaluating its performance, status, condition, etc. ''Parameter'' has more specific meanings within various disciplines, including mathematics, computer programming, engineering, statistics, logic, linguistics, and electronic musical composition. In addition to its technical uses, there are also extended uses, especially in non-scientific contexts, where it is used to mean defining characteristics or boundaries, as in the phrases 'test parameters' or 'game play parameters'. Modelization When a system is modeled by equations, the values that describe the system are called ''parameters''. For example, in mechanics, the masses, the dimensions and shapes (for solid bodies), the densities and the viscosit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Gompertz Distribution
In probability and statistics, the Gompertz distribution is a continuous probability distribution, named after Benjamin Gompertz. The Gompertz distribution is often applied to describe the distribution of adult lifespans by demographers and actuaries. Related fields of science such as biology and gerontology also considered the Gompertz distribution for the analysis of survival. More recently, computer scientists have also started to model the failure rates of computer code by the Gompertz distribution. In Marketing Science, it has been used as an individual-level simulation for customer lifetime value modeling. In network theory, particularly the Erdős–Rényi model, the walk length of a random self-avoiding walk (SAW) is distributed according to the Gompertz distribution. Specification Probability density function The probability density function of the Gompertz distribution is: :f\left(x;\eta, b\right)=b\eta \exp\left(\eta + b x -\eta e^ \right)\textx \geq 0, \, where ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Dagum Distribution
The Dagum distribution (or Mielke Beta-Kappa distribution) is a continuous probability distribution defined over positive real numbers. It is named after Camilo Dagum, who proposed it in a series of papers in the 1970s. The Dagum distribution arose from several variants of a new model on the size distribution of personal income and is mostly associated with the study of income distribution. There is both a three-parameter specification (Type I) and a four-parameter specification (Type II) of the Dagum distribution; a summary of the genesis of this distribution can be found in "A Guide to the Dagum Distributions". A general source on statistical size distributions often cited in work using the Dagum distribution is ''Statistical Size Distributions in Economics and Actuarial Sciences''. Definition The cumulative distribution function of the Dagum distribution (Type I) is given by :F(x;a,b,p)= \left( 1+\left(\frac\right)^ \right)^ \text x > 0 \text a, b, p > 0 . The corresponding ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Fréchet Distribution
The Fréchet distribution, also known as inverse Weibull distribution, is a special case of the generalized extreme value distribution. It has the cumulative distribution function :\Pr(X \le x)=e^ \text x>0. where ''α'' > 0 is a shape parameter. It can be generalised to include a location parameter ''m'' (the minimum) and a scale parameter ''s'' > 0 with the cumulative distribution function :\Pr(X \le x)=e^ \text x>m. Named for Maurice Fréchet who wrote a related paper in 1927, further work was done by Fisher and Tippett in 1928 and by Gumbel in 1958. Characteristics The single parameter Fréchet with parameter \alpha has standardized moment :\mu_k=\int_0^\infty x^k f(x)dx=\int_0^\infty t^e^ \, dt, (with t=x^) defined only for k1 the expectation is E \Gamma(1-\tfrac) * For \alpha>2 the variance is \text(X)=\Gamma(1-\tfrac)-\big(\Gamma(1-\tfrac)\big)^2. The quantile q_y of order y can be expressed through the inverse of the distribution, :q_y= ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Burr Distribution
In probability theory, statistics and econometrics, the Burr Type XII distribution or simply the Burr distribution is a continuous probability distribution for a non-negative random variable. It is also known as the Singh–Maddala distribution and is one of a number of different distributions sometimes called the "generalized log-logistic distribution". It is most commonly used to model household income, see for example: Household income in the U.S. and compare to magenta graph at right. The Burr (Type XII) distribution has probability density function: : \begin f(x;c,k) & = ck\frac \\ ptf(x;c,k,\lambda) & = \frac \left( \frac \right)^ \left + \left(\frac\right)^c\right \end and cumulative distribution function In probability theory and statistics, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a real-valued random variable X, or just distribution function of X, evaluated at x, is the probability that X will take a value less than or equal to x. Ev ...: :F(x;c, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |