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Piaroa–Saliban Languages
The Piaroa–Saliban, also known as Saliban (in spanish : ''Sálivan''), are a small proposed language family of the middle Orinoco Basin, which forms an independent island within an area of Venezuela and Colombia (northern ''llanos'') dominated by peoples of Carib and Arawakan affiliation. Betoi may be related. Languages Piaroa and Wirö (or "Maco") form a Piaroan branch of the family. The extinct Ature language, once spoken on the Orinoco River The Orinoco () is one of the longest rivers in South America at . Its drainage basin, sometimes known as the Orinoquia, covers approximately 1 million km2, with 65% of it in Venezuela and 35% in Colombia. It is the List of rivers by discharge, f ... near the waterfalls of Atures, Venezuela, is unattested but was said to be 'little different' from Saliba, and so may have formed a Saliban branch of the family. Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Andoke–Urekena, Arawak, M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with Insular region of Colombia, insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Peru and Ecuador to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 Departments of Colombia, departments. The Capital District of Bogotá is also the List of cities in Colombia by population, country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urban areas include Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Colombia, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Cúcuta, Ibagué, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi) and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage—including language, religion, cuisine, and art—reflects its history as a co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Swadesh List
A Swadesh list () is a compilation of cultural universal, tentatively universal concepts for the purposes of lexicostatistics. That is, a Swadesh list is a list of forms and concepts which all languages, without exception, have terms for, such as star, hand, water, kill, sleep, and so forth. The number of such terms is small – a few hundred at most, or possibly less than a hundred. The inclusion or exclusion of many terms is subject to debate among linguists; thus, there are several different lists, and some authors may refer to "Swadesh lists." The Swadesh list is named after linguist Morris Swadesh. Translations of a Swadesh list into a set of languages allow for researchers to quantify the interrelatedness of those languages. Swadesh lists are used in lexicostatistics (the quantitative assessment of the genealogical relatedness of languages) and glottochronology (the dating of language divergence). For instance, the terms on a Swadesh list can be compared between two languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Čestmír Loukotka
Čestmír Loukotka (12 November 1895 – 13 April 1966) was a Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovak linguist and ethnologist. His daughter was Jarmila Loukotková. Career Loukotka proposed a Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas#Loukotka (1968), classification for the languages of South America based on several previous works. This classification contained many unpublished materials and therefore greatly improved upon previous classifications. He divided the languages of South America and the Caribbean into 77 different families, based upon similarities of vocabulary and available lists. His classification of 1968 is the most influential and was based upon two previous schemes (1935, 1944), which were similar to those proposed by Paul Rivet (whom he was a student of), although the number of families was increased to 94 and 114. *reviewed in References 1895 births 1958 deaths Linguists from Czechoslovakia Historical linguists Linguists of Indigenous lang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ticuna–Yuri Languages
Ticuna–Yuri is a small family, perhaps even a dialect continuum, consisting of at least two, and perhaps three, known languages of South America: the major western Amazonian language Ticuna, the poorly attested and extinct Yurí, and the scarcely known language of the largely uncontacted Carabayo The Carabayo (who perhaps call themselves Yacumo) are an uncontacted people of Colombia living in at least three long houses, known as '' malokas'', along the Rio Puré (now the Río Puré National Park) in the southeastern corner of the cou .... Kaufman (2007: 68) also adds Munichi to the family.Kaufman, Terrence. 2007. South America. In: R. E. Asher and Christopher Moseley (eds.), ''Atlas of the World’s Languages (2nd edition)'', 59–94. London: Routledge. Kaufman (1990, 1994) argues that the connection between the two is convincing even with the limited information available. Carvalho (2009) presented "compelling" evidence for the family (Campbell 2012). Language conta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hodï Language
The Hodï (Jodï, Jotí, Hoti) language, also known as Yuwana (Yoana), Waruwaru, or Chikano (Chicano), is a small unclassified language spoken by the Hodï people of Venezuela. Very little is known of it; its several hundred speakers are monolingual hunter-gatherers. The people call themselves ''Jojodö'' ('the people') or ''Wįlǫ̈'', and their language ''Jojodö tjįwęnę''. The two communities with the most speakers are San José de Kayamá and Caño Iguana, with several hundred speakers total. Sources are inconsistent with nasals, varying between e.g. ''nV'' and ''lṼ''. Classification No classification of Hodï has yet been established to the satisfaction of linguists. Attempts have been made to link Hodï with the nearby Piaroa–Saliban languages. A recent proposal classifies Hodï and (Piaroa–)Saliban as the branches of a single Jodï–Saliban macrofamily. However, similarities in vocabulary with the Piaroa–Saliban languages may in fact be due to sprachbunding: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hodi Language
The history of the Jews in India dates back to antiquity.''The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities'' by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27. .Weil, Shalva. ''India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art, and Life-Cycle''. Mumbai: Marg Publications irst published in 2002; 3rd edn. 2009. was one of the first foreign religions to arrive in the |
Yaruro Language
The Yaruro language (also spelled ''Llaruro'' or ''Yaruru''; also called Yuapín or Pumé) is an indigenous language spoken by Yaruro people, along the Orinoco, Cinaruco, Meta, and Apure rivers of Venezuela Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many Federal Dependencies of Venezuela, islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It com .... It is not well classified; it may be an isolate, or distantly related to the extinct Esmeralda language. Demographics The Yaruro people refer to their own language as ''pũmɛ̃́ mãɛ̃́'' ‘language of the Yaruro/Pumé’). The language is vigorously spoken by approximately 9,500 people as of 2015. Speakers live in the central Apure Llanos of western Venezuela, mainly in the Arauca, Cunaviche, Capanaparo, and Cinaruco river areas. In Capuruchano subdivision, the Yaruro do not live close to any rivers. Classification Pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tucanoan Languages
Tucanoan (also Tukanoan, Tukánoan) is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arutani language, Arutani, Paez language, Paez, Sape language, Sape, Taruma language, Taruma, Witoto-Okaina languages, Witoto-Okaina, Saliba-Hodi languages, Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri languages, Tikuna-Yuri, Pano languages, Pano, Barbakoa languages, Barbakoa, Bora-Muinane languages, Bora-Muinane, and Choko languages, Choko language families due to contact. Classification Chacon (2014) There are two dozen Tucanoan languages. There is a clear binary split between Eastern Tucanoan and Western Tucanoan.Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019. The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки'. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, Higher School of E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Máku Language
Máku, also spelled ''Mako'' (Spanish ''Macú''), and in the language itself Jukude, is an unclassified language and likely language isolate once spoken on the Brazil–Venezuela border in Roraima along the upper Uraricoera and lower Auari rivers, west of Boa Vista, by the ''Jukudeitse'' ( or ) or 'people'. 300 years ago, the Jukude territory was between the Padamo and Cunucunuma rivers to the southwest. The last speaker, Sinfrônio Magalhães, died in 2000. There are currently no speakers or rememberers of Máku and no-one identifies as Jukude any longer. Aryon Rodrigues and Ernesto Migliazza, as well as Iraguacema Lima Maciel, worked on the language, and the data was collected into a grammar by Chris Rogers published in 2020. Name The people called themselves (person-PL) 'people'. When speaking to outsiders, they referred to themselves as or . ''Maku'' ~ ''Mako'' (in Spanish orthography ''Macu'' or ''Maco'') is an Arawakan term for unintelligible languages and people ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saliba Language
Saliba (, ) is an indigenous language of Eastern Colombia and Venezuela. Saliba was used by Jesuit missionaries in the 17th century to communicate with indigenous peoples of the Meta, Orinoco, and Vichada valleys. An 1856 watercolor by Manuel María Paz is an early depiction of the Saliva people in Casanare Province. Use "Saliba was spoken by an ethnic group that lived along the central reaches of the Orinoco River." "This language group was so isolated that the language was reported extinct in 1965." It is not being passed on to many children, but that practice is being reconsidered. As of 2007, "Sáliva speakers now are almost all bilingual in Spanish, and Sáliva children are only learning Spanish instead of their ancestral language." As of 2007, "In the Orocué area the language is only conserved to a high degree among elderly women; others understand Sáliba but no longer express themselves in the language." Native speakers have a literacy rate of 1-5%, and second-la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
