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Peninsular War
The Peninsular War (1808–1814) was fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Kingdom of Portugal, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. In Spain, it is considered to overlap with the Spanish War of Independence. The war can be said to have started when the First French Empire, French and History of Spain (1808–1874), Spanish armies Invasion of Portugal (1807), invaded and occupied Portugal in 1807 by transiting through Kingdom of Spain (1810-1873), Spain, but it escalated in 1808 after First French Empire, Napoleonic France occupied History of Spain (1808–1874), Spain, which had been its ally. Napoleon Bonaparte Abdications of Bayonne, forced the abdications of Ferdinand VII of Spain, Ferdinand VII and his father Charles IV of Spain, Charles IV and then installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne and promulgated the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Invasion Of Spain
The "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis" was the popular name for a French army mobilized in 1823 by the House of Bourbon, Bourbon King of France, Louis XVIII, to help the Spanish Bourbon royalists restore King Ferdinand VII of Spain to the July 1822 Spanish coup d'état, absolute power of which he had been deprived during the Trienio Liberal, Liberal Triennium. Despite the name, the actual number of troops was between 60,000 and 90,000. A minor campaign, the force comprised some five corps, army corps (the bulk of the French regular army) and was led by the Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, Duke of Angoulême, nephew of Louis XVIII and son of future King Charles X of France, Charles X. The French name of the conflict is ''l'Expédition d'Espagne'' ("the Expedition of Spain"). Context In 1822, Ferdinand VII applied the terms of the Congress of Vienna, lobbied for the assistance of the other absolute monarchs of Europe, in the process joining the Holy Alliance formed by Ru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Holland
The Kingdom of Holland ( (contemporary), (modern); ) was the successor state of the Batavian Republic. It was created by Napoleon Bonaparte in March 1806 in order to strengthen control over the Netherlands by replacing the republican government with a monarchy. Since becoming emperor in 1804, Napoleon sought to extirpate republican tendencies in territories France controlled, and placed his third brother, Louis Bonaparte, on the throne of the puppet kingdom. In 1807, the adjacent German regions of East Frisia and Jever were added to the kingdom. In 1809, after the Walcheren Campaign, Holland had to surrender all territories south of the River Rhine to France. Also in 1809, Dutch forces fighting on the French side participated in defeating the anti-Bonapartist German rebellion led by Ferdinand von Schill, at the Battle of Stralsund. King Louis did not perform to Napoleon's expectations – he tried to serve Dutch interests instead of his brother's – and the kingdom was dis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
José De Palafox Y Melci, 1st Duke Of Zaragoza
José is a predominantly Spanish and Portuguese form of the given name Joseph. While spelled alike, this name is pronounced very differently in each of the two languages: Spanish ; Portuguese (or ). In French, the name ''José'', pronounced , is an old vernacular form of Joseph, which is also in current usage as a given name. José is also commonly used as part of masculine name composites, such as José Manuel, José Maria or Antonio José, and also in female name composites like Maria José or Marie-José. The feminine written form is ''Josée'' as in French. In Netherlandic Dutch, however, ''José'' is a feminine given name and is pronounced ; it may occur as part of name composites like Marie-José or as a feminine first name in its own right; it can also be short for the name ''Josina'' and even a Dutch hypocorism of the name ''Johanna''. In England, Jose is originally a Romano-Celtic surname, and people with this family name can usually be found in, or traced to, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juan Martín Díez
Juan Martín Díez, nicknamed El Empecinado (), (5 September 1775 – 20 August 1825) was a Spanish people, Spanish military leader and guerrilla fighter, who fought in the Peninsular War. On October 8, 1808, the privilege of using the name ''Empecinado'' was granted to Juan Martín Díez, not only for himself, but also all his descendants. His nickname has given the Spanish language the verb ''empecinarse'', meaning to persist or insist on achieving one's goals. Early life Díez was born in Castrillo de Duero (Valladolid (province), Valladolid, Spain) on September 5, 1775. He was a farmer and his house still exists in its original location. Those from Castrillo are often termed "empecinados", a term which arises from several nearby streams filled with black mud (''pecina'')''pez'' in ''Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana'' vol.III, pag.762 (50), Joan Corominas, Francke Verlag - Bern, 1954. from stagnant, decomposing waters. It is believed that the local ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juan O'Donojú
Juan José Rafael Teodomiro de O'Donojú y O'Ryan (, 30 July 1762 – 8 October 1821) was a Spanish-Irish people, Irish military officer, diplomat and Viceroy of New Spain (Mexico) from 21 July 1821 to 28 September 1821 during the Mexican War of Independence. He was the last Viceroy of New Spain. He was appointed viceroy during the last stages of the Mexican War of Independence with the hopes of accommodating the Mexican independence movement, but upon his arrival to New Spain in August, 1821 O’Donoju found that the overwhelming majority of the nation had already been lost. He officially recognized Mexican independence through the Treaty of Córdoba, but died of pleurisy shortly after. His recognition of Mexican independence was disowned by the Spanish government which would not officially recognize the Mexican government until 1836. Early life O'Donojú was born in Seville and was of Irish diaspora, Irish descent. O'Donojú was the third of five siblings conceived in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gregorio García De La Cuesta
Gregorio García de la Cuesta y Fernández de Celis (9 May 1741 – 25 November 1811) was a prominent Spanish army officer and commander of Spain's armies at the beginning of the Peninsular War. Charles Oman (1902) stated that: Throughout the two years during which he held high command in the field, Gregorio de la Cuesta consistently displayed an arrogance and an incapacity far exceeding that of any other Spanish general. (Oman, pp. 140–141.) Oman, Charles (1902)''A History of the Peninsula War'', Vol. I, pp. 67–68140–141.''Project Gutenberg''. Retrieved 11 April 2023. Early military career Cuesta entered military service in 1758 as a cadet in the Toledo Infantry Regiment and was sent to Oran that June, where he would be stationed for the following four years Caimari Calafat, Tomeu"Gregorio García de la Cuesta y Fernández de Celis".''Historia Hispanica''. Real Academia de la Historia. Retrieved 8 March 2023. While there, he was promoted to sub-lieutenant of the Granad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francisco Javier Castaños, 1st Duke Of Bailén
Francisco Javier Castaños Aragorri, 1st Duke of Bailén (24 September 1758 – 22 April 1852) was a Spanish Army officer, politician and nobleman who served during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He presided over the Regency Council of Spain and the Indies ('' de facto'' head of state), in 1810. From July to September 1834, Castaños served as the first president of the Senate of Spain, at that time called the House of Peers. Castaños is remembered for his victory over the French under Dupont, whom he surrounded and compelled to surrender at the decisive Battle of Bailen in 1808, where the Napoleonic army was defeated in the open field for the first time and which led to King Joseph having to abandon Madrid at the end of that same month. Just months later he led his army to a decisive defeat at the Battle of Tudela. After this he served under Wellington in several engagements, and was commander of the Spanish army, if required, to invade France in 1815. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joaquín Blake
Joaquín Blake y Joyes (19 August 1759 – 27 April 1827) was a Spanish military officer who served with distinction in the French Revolutionary and Peninsular wars. Early military career Partially of Irish descent his mother was from Galicia and his father had some Irish ancestry, Blake was born at Vélez-Málaga to an aristocratic family. In his youth, he saw action as a lieutenant of the grenadiers in the American Revolutionary War, taking part in the reconquest of Minorca and the failed siege of Gibraltar against the British. At the outbreak of war with France in 1793, Blake, a captain, took part in the invasion of Roussillon under General Ricardos. He was wounded at San-Lorenzo-de-la-Muga in 1794. In 1802 he was promoted to brigadier in the same promotion as the Count of Caldagues and two of the Palafox brothers, Luis Palafox, Marquis of Lazán and Francisco Palafox. Peninsular War Exploits in the field led to further promotions, and by the start of the Pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miguel Ricardo De Álava
Miguel Ricardo de Álava y Esquivel (7 July 1770 – 14 July 1843) was a Spanish general and statesman who served as Prime Minister of Spain in 1835. He was born in the Basque Country, at Vitoria-Gasteiz, in 1770. Álava holds the distinction of having been present at both Trafalgar and Waterloo, fighting against the British at the former and with them at the latter. Alava served as a naval aide-de-camp during the time of Spain's alliance with France but switched sides in 1808 when Napoleon invaded Spain. The Spanish Cortes appointed him commissary (military attaché) at the British Army Headquarters, and Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington, who regarded him with great favour, made him one of his aides-de-camp. Before the close of the campaign, he had risen to the rank of brigadier-general. During the Waterloo Campaign in 1815, Alava was the Spanish ambassador to The Hague at the court of King William I of the Netherlands, which allowed him to attend the Duchess of Ric ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miguel Pereira Forjaz, Count Of Feira
D. Miguel Pereira Forjaz Coutinho, 10th Count of Feira (1 November 1769 – 6 November 1827) was a Portuguese general and War Secretary in the Peninsular War. Pivka, Otto von (1977). ''The Portuguese Army of the Napoleonic Wars'', p. 17. "The chivalrous ardour of the marechal-de-camp, Marquis d'Alorne, the activity and firmness of Gomez Freire de Andrada, the analytical and cool mind of Colonel Don Miguel Pereira Forjaz, were highly extolled. There were but few veterans left ..." Life He was the son of Diogo Pereira Forjaz Coutinho (born 23 May 1726) and the great grandson of the 9th Count of Feira, D. Álvaro Pereira Forjaz Coutinho (c.1656–?) and his wife Inês Antónia Barreto de Sá (c.1670–?). He was married twice, to Joana Eulália Freire de Andrade and to Maria do Patrocínio Freire de Andrade e Castro who died at childbirth. He entered the army in 1785, as a cadet in the Regiment of Peniche, in which he met many members of his family. In 1787 he was promoted to alf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francisco Da Silveira Pinto Da Fonseca Teixeira, 1st Count Of Amarante
D. Francisco da Silveira Pinto da Fonseca Teixeira, 1st Count of Amarante (1 September 1763 – 27 May 1821) was a Portuguese army officer who fought in the War of the Oranges and other campaigns of the Peninsular War. Biography Francisco da Silveira was born in the town of Canelas (now Peso da Régua), the son of Manuel da Silveira Pinto da Fonseca and Antónia Silveira. Career He became a cadet in the Almeida Cavalry Regiment on 25 April 1780, from which his career developed in subsequent years: he was promoted to ensign by 27 February 1790; then lieutenant in the 6th Cavalry Regiment, then called the Light Regiment of Chaves, on 17 December 1792, before becoming a captain and adjunct-aide to the field marshal of the Province of Beira, João Brun da Silveira, on 17 December 1799. He succeeded his father as the '' Majorat'' of Espírito Santo on 22 February 1785. During the war between France and Spain (in 1801), Francisco da Silveira, along with other important people in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bernardim Freire De Andrade
Bernardino Freire de Andrade e Castro (Lisbon, 18 February 1759 – Braga, 17 March 1809) was a Portuguese Army general officer who was appointed, in July 1808, commander-in-chief of the Portuguese forces in the north of the country during the Peninsular War.Chartrand, René (2013)''Vimeiro 1808: Wellesley’s first victory in the Peninsular'' p. 37. Bloomsbury Publishing, . ''Google Books''. Retrieved 17 February 2023. Early career War of the Pyrenees Freire saw action in the Roussillon in 1794-1795. Peninsular War In July 1808, the Supreme Junta of Oporto appointed Freire commander-in-chief of the Portuguese forces in the north of the country. Highly critical of the Convention of Cintra (August 1808), by which Junot's French forces were allowed to leave Portugal after their defeat at Vimeiro by the Anglo-Portuguese forces commanded by Sir Arthur Wellesley, Freire was also resentful of British influence in the country. Freire died at Braga Braga (; ) is a cities of P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
