Nucifraga
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Nucifraga
The nutcrackers (''Nucifraga'') are a genus of four species of passerine bird, in the family Corvidae, related to the jays and crows. The genus ''Nucifraga'' was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the northern nutcracker (''Nucifraga caryocatactes'') as the type species. The genus name is a Neo-Latin translation of an old German name ''Nussbrecher'', "nut-breaker". Extant species Following reappraisal of species limits in the genus in Asia, the genus is now treated as containing four species: This follows the split of Southern and Kashmir nutcrackers from a former broad view (e.g. Voous, 1977) of all Eurasian nutcrackers as being a single species. The most vital food resources for these species are the seeds (pine nuts) of various pines (''Pinus'' sp.), principally the cold-climate (far northern or high altitude) species of Pinus classification, white pine (''Pinus'' subgenus ''Strobus'') with large seeds: ''P. albicaulis, P. a ...
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Clark's Nutcracker
Clark's nutcracker (''Nucifraga columbiana''), sometimes referred to as Clark's crow or woodpecker crow, is a passerine bird in the family Corvidae, native to the mountains of western North America. The nutcracker is an omnivore, but subsists mainly on pine nuts, burying seeds in the ground in the summer and then retrieving them in the winter by memory. The bird was described by the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with William Clark (explorer), William Clark first observing it in 1805 along the banks of the Salmon River (Washington), Salmon River, a tributary of the Columbia River. Etymology and history Clark's nutcracker's scientific name literally means "nutcracker of the Columbia". In 1806 Meriwether Lewis recorded a more detailed description. A skin collected by the expedition was obtained by the ornithologist Alexander Wilson (ornithologist), Alexander Wilson, who used it to produce an engraving for his ''American Ornithology'' work. Taxonomy Originally placed in the genus ''C ...
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Nucifraga Hemispila
The southern nutcracker (''Nucifraga hemispila'') is a passerine bird in the crow family Corvidae. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with the northern nutcracker (''Nucifraga caryocatactes'') and the Kashmir nutcracker (''Nucifraga multipunctata'') under the English name "spotted nutcracker". Taxonomy The southern nutcracker was formally described in 1831 by the Irish zoologist Nicholas Vigors under the binomial name ''Nucifraga hemispila''. He specified the type locality as just "the Himalayas"; however, research into Vigors' travels has been able to restrict the locality to the Shimla and Almora districts of northern India. The genus name ''Nucifraga'' is the Latin name given to the northern nutcracker by the English naturalist William Turner in 1544, as a translation of the German name ''Nussbrecher'' meaning "nut-breaker". The specific epithet ''hemispila'' combines the Ancient Greek ἡμι-/''hēmi-'' meaning "half-" or "small" with σπιλος/''spilos'' m ...
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Southern Nutcracker
The southern nutcracker (''Nucifraga hemispila'') is a passerine bird in the crow family Corvidae. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with the northern nutcracker (''Nucifraga caryocatactes'') and the Kashmir nutcracker (''Nucifraga multipunctata'') under the English name "spotted nutcracker". Taxonomy The southern nutcracker was formally described in 1831 by the Irish zoologist Nicholas Vigors under the binomial name ''Nucifraga hemispila''. He specified the type locality as just "the Himalayas"; however, research into Vigors' travels has been able to restrict the locality to the Shimla and Almora districts of northern India. The genus name ''Nucifraga'' is the Latin name given to the northern nutcracker by the English naturalist William Turner in 1544, as a translation of the German name ''Nussbrecher'' meaning "nut-breaker". The specific epithet ''hemispila'' combines the Ancient Greek ἡμι-/''hēmi-'' meaning "half-" or "small" with σπιλος/''spilos'' ...
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Northern Nutcracker
The northern nutcracker (''Nucifraga caryocatactes''), previously known as spotted nutcracker and Eurasian nutcracker, is a passerine bird in the crow family Corvidae. It is slightly larger than the Eurasian jay but has a much larger bill and a slimmer looking head without any crest. The feathering over its body is predominantly chocolate brown with distinct white spots and patches. The wings and upper tail are black with a greenish-blue gloss. The northern nutcracker is one of four species of nutcracker currently accepted. The southern nutcracker (''Nucifraga hemispila'') and the Kashmir nutcracker (''Nucifraga multipunctata'') were formerly considered as subspecies of the northern nutcracker. The species complex was known by the English name "spotted nutcracker". The other member of the genus, Clark's nutcracker (''Nucifraga columbiana''), occurs in western North America. Taxonomy The northern nutcracker was one of the many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his ...
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Kashmir Nutcracker
The Kashmir nutcracker or large-spotted nutcracker (''Nucifraga multipunctata'') is a passerine bird related to the northern nutcracker and southern nutcracker. Until recently, it was considered a subspecies of the former. It is found in the western Himalayas. Taxonomy and systematics The Kashmir nutcracker is closely related to the northern nutcracker (''N. caryocatactes'') and has only been split from it recently. Some authorities still treat these forms as conspecific. The two species are similar in appearance, though the Kashmir nutcracker in distinguished by a more whitish general appearance from its larger white spots, along with a contrasting blackish crown, wing, and base of tail. It also has bold white spots on the base of its tail, with a relatively slimmer tail, and longer tail. It is monotypic. Description It is a distinctive corvid with heavily streaked and spotted plumage. They are usually in length. They have a wing length of , with a weight of for females ...
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Corvidae
Corvidae is a Cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan Family (biology), family of Songbird, oscine passerine birds that contains the crows, ravens, Rook (bird), rooks, magpies, jackdaws, jays, treepies, choughs, and Nutcracker (bird), nutcrackers. In Colloquialism, colloquial English, they are known as the crow family or corvids. Currently, 139 species are included in this family. The genus ''Corvus'' containing 50 species makes up over a third of the entire family. Corvids (ravens) are the largest passerines. Corvids display remarkable Animal cognition, intelligence for animals of their size, and are among the most Bird intelligence, intelligent birds thus far studied. Specifically, members of the family have demonstrated self-awareness in mirror tests (Eurasian magpies) and Tool use by animals, tool-making ability (e.g. crows and rooks), skills which until recently were thought to be possessed only by humans and a few other mammals. Their total Brain–body mass ratio, brain-to- ...
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Collingwood Ingram
Collingwood "Cherry" Ingram (30 October 1880 – 19 May 1981), was a British ornithologist, plant collector and gardener, who was an authority on Japanese flowering cherries. Personal life Collingwood Ingram was a son of Sir William Ingram and Mary Eliza Collingwood , daughter of Australian politician Edward Stirling. His maternal grandfather was born in Jamaica to a Scottish planter and an unnamed woman of colour. He concealed his racial identity and later settled in South Australia, where he was elected to parliament; his sons (Ingram's uncles) Lancelot and Edward Charles Stirling were also members of parliament. He was a grandson of Herbert Ingram, founder of ''The Illustrated London News''. Sir William Ingram succeeded Herbert as the owner of the paper, and was a brother of Bruce Ingram, editor from 1900–1963. Collingwood's uncle, Sir Edward Charles Stirling, was a noted anthropologist, physiologist and museum director, with a great interest in the natural world. ...
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Ernst Hartert
Ernst Johann Otto Hartert (29 October 1859 – 11 November 1933) was a widely published German ornithologist. Life and career Hartert was born in the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg on 29 October 1859. In July 1891, he married the illustrator Claudia Bernadine Elisabeth Hartert in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, with whom he had a son named Joachim Karl (Charles) Hartert, (1893–1916), who was killed as an English soldier on the Somme. Together with his wife, he was the first to describe the blue-tailed Buffon hummingbird subspecies (''Chalybura buffonii intermedia'' Hartert, E & Hartert, C, 1894). The article ''On a collection of Humming Birds from Ecuador and Mexico'' appears to be their only joint publication. Hartert was employed by Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild as ornithological curator of Rothshild's private Natural History Museum at Tring, in England from 1892 to 1929. Hartert published the quarterly museum periodical ''Novitates Zoologicae'' (1894–39) wi ...
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