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Muzaffarids (Iran)
The Muzaffarid dynasty () was a Muslim dynasty that came to power in Iran following the breakup of the Ilkhanate in the 14th century. At their zenith, they ruled a kingdom comprising Iranian Azerbaijan, Central Persia, and Persian Iraq. The Muzaffarids were known for their support of Arabic literature. Shah Shoja was a poet and wrote in both Arabic and Persian and was said to be capable of memorizing eight verses of Arabic poetry after hearing them read once. While the Muzaffarid ruler of Kirman, Shah Yahya, commissioned the scholar Junyad bin Mahmud Al-Umari to compile an anthology of Arabic poetry and prose for him Rise to power The Muzaffarids have been described as an Arab, Iranian, and Persian dynasty. They stayed in Khorasan up until the Mongol invasion of that province, at which point they fled to Yazd. Serving under the Il-Khans, they gained prominence when Sharaf al-Din Muzaffar was made governor of Maibud. He was tasked with crushing the robber-bands that were roam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kerman
Kerman (; ) is a city in the Central District (Kerman County), Central District of Kerman County, Kerman province, Kerman province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district. History Kerman was founded as a defensive outpost, with the name Veh-Ardashir, by Ardashir I, founder of the Sasanian Empire, in the 3rd century AD. After the Battle of Nahāvand in 642, the city came under Muslim rule. At first, the city's relative isolation allowed Kharijites and Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrians to thrive there, but the Kharijites were wiped out in 698, and the population was mostly Muslim by 725. Already in the eighth century the city was famous for its manufacture of cashmere wool shawls and other textiles. The Abbasid Caliphate's authority Anarchy at Samarra, over the region was weak, and power passed in the tenth century to the Buyid dynasty, Buyid emirs. The region and city fell to Mahmud of Ghazni in the late tenth century. The name Kerman was adop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Il-Khan
Il Khan (also ''il-khan'', ''ilkhan'', ''elkhan'', etc.), in Turkic languages and Mongolian, is a title of leadership. It combines the title ''khan'' with the prefix ''el/il'', from the word ''ulus'' – 'tribe, clan', 'the people', 'nation', 'homeland', 'state', 'tribal union', etc. Meaning The exact meaning depends on context: *Khan of the nation. The earliest mention of a similar title in this meaning, namely "Illig Qaghan", refers to Bumin Qaghan and dates to 552 CE. (In fact, Nikolai Gumilyov transcribes Bumin's title as "ilkhan".) *More recently, the tribal chief that heads both branches of the Bakhtiari people, under whom several ''khans'' operate (20th century CE). In the context of the Hulaguid dynasty, commonly known as the Ilkhanate, the title ''Ilkhan'' was borne by the descendants of Hulagu and later other Borjigin princes in Persia, starting from c. 1259-1265. Two interpretations have been proposed: *'submissive', 'peaceable', 'obedient', or 'subservient' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jani Beg
Jani Beg ( Persian: جانی بیگ, Turki/ Kypchak: جانی بک; died 1357), also known as Janibek Khan, was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1342 until his death in 1357. He succeeded his father Öz Beg Khan. Reign With the support of his mother Taydula Khatun, Jani Beg made himself khan after eliminating his older brother and rival Tini Beg at Saray-Jük in 1342; he had already killed another ambitious brother, Khiḍr Beg. He is known to have actively interfered in the affairs of the Russian principalities and of Lithuania. The grand princes of Moscow, Simeon and Ivan II, were under constant political and military pressure from Jani Beg. Jani Beg commanded a massive Crimean Tatar force that attacked the Crimean port city of Kaffa, then a Genoese colony, in 1343. The siege was lifted by an Italian relief force in February. In 1345, Jani Beg again besieged Kaffa; however, his assault was again unsuccessful due to an outbreak of plague among his troops. Jani Beg's arm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde, self-designated as ''Ulug Ulus'' ( in Turkic) was originally a Mongols, Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the division of the Mongol Empire after 1259, it became a functionally separate khanate. It is also known as the Kipchak Khanate or the Ulus of Jochi, and replaced the earlier, less organized Cuman–Kipchak confederation. After the death of Batu Khan (the founder of the Blue Horde) in 1255, his dynasty flourished for a full century, until 1359, though the intrigues of Nogai Khan, Nogai instigated a partial civil war in the late 1290s. The Horde's military power peaked during the reign of Özbeg Khan (1312–1341), who adopted Islam. The territory of the Golden Horde at its peak extended from Siberia and Central Asia to parts of Eastern Europe from the Ural Mountains, Urals to the Danube in the west, and from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea in the south ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shah Sheykh Abu Esshagh
Abu Ishaq Inju, or Abū Esḥāq (1321-58, ) was the last Injuid ruler from 1343 to 1357. He was the youngest of four sons of Šaraf-al-dīn Maḥmūd Shah b. Moḥammad Īnǰū, who had been the governor of Fars Province, Fārs for the last Mongol Il-khan, Sultan Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, Abu Sa'id, until the latter's death in 1335. Background Following Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, Abu Sa'id's death in 1335, Ilkhanid power desintegrated. An intense seven-year conflict (1335-1342) erupted for the control of southern Iran, between the Chupanids from Tabriz, the Jalayirids of Baghdad, the Muzaffarids (Iran), Muzaffarids of Yazd and the Inju family. The father of Abu Ishaq Inju and all his elder brothers were killed in the conflict. The Chupanid Amir Pir Husayn Chubani, whose nominal ruler was the new Il-Khan Suleiman Khan, gained suzerainty over Fārs and Isfahan. Isfahan was administered by an Ilkhanid Governor in the person of Sultanshah Jandar. Meanwhile, Shiraz was being held by the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isfahan (city)
Isfahan or Esfahan ( ) is a city in the Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran. It is the capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is located south of Tehran. The city has a population of approximately 2,220,000, making it the third-most populous city in Iran, after Tehran and Mashhad, and the second-largest metropolitan area. Isfahan is located at the intersection of the two principal routes that traverse Iran, north–south and east–west. Isfahan flourished between the 9th and 18th centuries. Under the Safavid Empire, Isfahan became the capital of Iran, for the second time in its history, under Abbas the Great. It is known for its Persian–Muslim architecture, grand boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, tiled mosques, and minarets. Isfahan also has many historical buildings, monuments, paintings, and artifacts. The fame of Isfahan led to the Persian proverb ''Esfahān nesf-e-jahān ast'' (Isfahan is half (of) the world). Naqsh-e J ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shiraz, Iran
Shiraz (; ) is the fifth-most-populous city of Iran and the capital of Fars province, which has been historically known as Pars () and Persis. As of the 2016 national census, the population of the city was 1,565,572 people, and its built-up area with Sadra was home to almost 1,800,000 inhabitants. A census in 2021 showed an increase in the city's population to 1,995,500 people. Shiraz is located in southwestern Iran on the () seasonal river. Founded in the early Islamic period, the city has a moderate climate and has been a regional trade center for over a thousand years. The earliest reference to the city, as ''Tiraziš'', is on Elamite clay tablets dated to 2000 BCE. The modern city was founded by the Sasanian dynasty and restored by the Umayyad Caliphate in 693 CE and grew prominent under the successive Iranian Saffarid and Buyid dynasties in the 9th and 10th–11th centuries, respectively. In the 13th century, Shiraz became a leading center of the arts and letters, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Injuids
The Injuids (also Injus or House of Inju) were an Iranian dynasty of Persian origin that came to rule over the cities of Shiraz and Isfahan during the 14th century. Its members became de facto independent rulers following the breakup of the Ilkhanate until their defeat in 1357 against the Muzaffarids. Before the breakup of the Ilkhanate The Injuids gained control of parts of Iran, mostly Fars, in 1304 at the beginning of the reign of the Ilkhan Öljeitü. The Ilkhan had given Sharaf al-Din Mahmud Shah control of the ''injü'' (or ''inji''; the Mongol word for the royal estates). Before progressively gaining independence, the "Injuids" had been appointed initially by Öljeitü as "margrave", or local governors, for the area of Fars. Sharaf al-Din was reportedly descended from ' Abd-Allah Ansari, an 11th-century mystic of Herat. His son, Amir Ghiyas al-Din Kai-Khusrau, assisted another family, the Muzaffarids, in their takeover of Yazd. By 1325 Sharaf al-Din had gained n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jalayirids Chubanids Muzaffarids In 1353
The Jalayirid Sultanate () was a dynasty of Mongol Jalayir origin, which ruled over modern-day Iraq and western Iran after the breakup of the Ilkhanate in the 1330s.Bayne Fisher, William. ''The Cambridge History of Iran'', p. 3: "From then until Timur's invasion of the country, Iran was under the rule of various rival petty princes of whom henceforth only the Jalayirids could claim Mongol lineage" It lasted about fifty years, until disrupted by Timur's conquests and the revolts of the Qara Qoyunlu Turkoman. After Timur's death in 1405, there was a brief attempt to re-establish the sultanate in southern Iraq and Khuzistan. The Jalayirids were finally eliminated by the Qara Qoyunlu in 1432. The Jalayirids were Mongol and Turkicized and Turkic-speaking. They are credited with bolstering the Turkic presence in Arabic-speaking Iraq so much so that Turkic became the second-most-spoken language after Arabic. The Jalayirids were also culturally Persianate, and their era marks an import ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bam, Iran
Bam () is a city in the Central District of Bam County, Kerman province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. The modern city surrounds the ancient citadel which has a history dating back to around 2,000 years ago. The citadel is a popular tourist attraction and a world heritage site. Before the 2003 earthquake, the official population count of the city was roughly 43,000. History The ancient citadel of Arg-e Bam has a history dating back to the Parthian Empire (248 BC–224 AD), but most buildings were built during the Safavid dynasty. There are various opinions about the date and reasons for the foundation of the citadel. Economically and commercially, Bam occupied a very important place in the region and was famous for its textiles and clothes. Ibn Hawqal (943–977), an Arab traveller and geographer, wrote of Bam in his book ''Surat-ul-'Ard'' (''The Earth-figure''): :''Over there they weave excellent, beautiful and long-lasting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Herat
Herāt (; Dari/Pashto: هرات) is an oasis city and the third-largest city in Afghanistan. In 2020, it had an estimated population of 574,276, and serves as the capital of Herat Province, situated south of the Paropamisus Mountains (''Selseleh-ye Safēd Kōh'') in the fertile valley of the Hari River in the western part of the country. An ancient civilization on the Silk Road between West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia, it serves as a regional hub in the country's west. Herat dates back to Avestan times and was traditionally known for its wine. The city has a number of historic sites, including the Herat Citadel and the Musalla Complex. During the Middle Ages, Herat became one of the important cities of Khorasan, as it was known as the ''Pearl of Khorasan''. After its conquest by Tamerlane, the city became an important center of intellectual and artistic life in the Islamic world. Under the rule of Shah Rukh, the city served as the focal point of the Timurid Re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kartid
The Kart dynasty, also known as the Kartids (), was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Tajik origin, closely related to the Ghurids, that ruled over a large part of Khorasan during the 13th and 14th centuries. Ruling from their capital at Herat and central Khorasan in the Bamyan, they were at first subordinates of ''Sultan Abul-Fateh'' Ghiyāṣ-ud-din Muhammad bin Sām, Sultan of the Ghurid Empire, to whom they were related,M.J. Gohari, ''Taliban: Ascent to Power'', (Oxford University Press, 2000), 4. and then as vassal princes within the Mongol Empire.C.E. Bosworth, ''The New Islamic Dynasties'', (Columbia University Press, 1996), 263. Upon the fragmentation of the Ilkhanate in 1335, Mu'izz-uddin Husayn ibn Ghiyath-uddin worked to expand his principality. The death of Husayn b. Ghiyath-uddin in 1370 and the invasion of Timur in 1381, ended the Kart dynasty's ambitions. Vassals of the Ghurid dynasty The Karts trace their lineage to a Tajuddin Uthman Marghini, whose brother, 'Izzuddin Um ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
