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Mexican-American History
Mexican American history, or the history of American residents of Mexican descent, largely begins after the Mexican Cession, annexation of Northern Mexico in 1848, when the nearly 80,000 Mexican citizens of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico became U.S. citizens. Large-scale migration increased the U.S.' Mexican population during the 1910s, as refugees fled the economic devastation and violence of Mexico's high-casualty Mexican Revolution, revolution and Cristero War, civil war. Until the mid-20th century, most Mexican Americans lived within a few hundred miles of the border, although some resettled along rail lines from the Southwest into the Midwest. With the border being established many Mexicans began to find more creative ways to get across. In the article ''Artificial Intelligence and Predicting Illegal Immigration to the USA'' the statistic that "more than half of undocumented immigrants in the USA enter the USA legally and overstay their visas" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
María Ruiz De Burton
María Amparo Ruiz de Burton (July 3, 1832 – August 12, 1895) was a Californio author and intellectual, best known as the first female Mexican Americans, Mexican-American writer to be published in English. During her career, she published two books: ''Who Would Have Thought It?'' (1872) and ''The Squatter and the Don'' (1885); and one play: ''Don Quixote de la Mancha: A Comedy in Five Acts: Taken From Cervantes' Novel of That Name'' (1876). Ruiz de Burton's work is considered to be one of the first instances of Mexican-American literature, and gives the perspective of the conquered Mexican population that, despite being granted full rights of citizenship by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, was a marginalized national minority. Her background provided her a critical distance from the New England Protestant culture into which she was brought by her marriage to her husband, a powerful and influential Protestantism, Protestant Union Army General (United States), General, H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seven Cities Of Gold
The myth of the Seven Cities of Gold, also known as the Seven Cities of Cíbola (), was popular in the 16th century and later featured in several works of popular culture. According to legend, the seven cities of gold referred to Aztec mythology revolving around the Pueblos of the Spanish Santa Fe de Nuevo México, Nuevo México, modern New Mexico and Southwestern United States. Besides "Cíbola", names associated with similar lost cities of gold also included El Dorado, Paititi, City of the Caesars, Lake Parime, Lake Parime at Manoa, Antilia, and Quivira. Origins of myth/legend In the 16th century, the Spanish people, Spaniards in New Spain (Mexico) began to hear rumors of "Seven Cities of Gold" called Zuni-Cibola Complex, "Cíbola" located across the desert, hundreds of miles to the north. The stories may have their root in an earlier Portugal, Portuguese legend about seven cities founded on the island of Antillia by a Catholic expedition in the 8th century, or one based on th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pimería Alta
The ''Pimería Alta'' (translated to 'Upper Pima Land'/'Land of the Upper Pima' in English) was an area of the 18th century Sonora y Sinaloa, Sonora y Sinaloa Province in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, that encompassed parts of what are today southern Arizona in the United States and northern Sonora in Mexico. The area took its name from the Pima people, Pima and closely related O'odham (''Papago'') peoples residing in the Sonoran Desert. Pimería Alta was the site of the Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert established by the Jesuit missionary Eusebio Kino in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. A significant Pima Indian Revolt, Pima rebellion against Spanish rule occurred in 1751. Terminology The term Pimería Alta first appeared in Spanish colonial documents (especially produced by those in the History of the Catholic Church in Mexico, Catholic Church) to designate an ethno-territorial expanse that spanned much of what is now southern Arizona and northern Sonora. The term ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Colonization Of Texas
The French colonization of Texas started in 1685 when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, Robert Cavelier de La Salle intended to found the colony at the mouth of the Mississippi River, but inaccurate maps and navigational errors caused his ships to anchor instead to the west, off the coast of Texas. The colony survived until 1688. The present-day town of Inez, Texas, Inez is near the fort's site. The colony faced numerous difficulties during its brief existence, including Native Americans in the United States, Native American raids, epidemics, and harsh conditions. From that base, La Salle led several expeditions to find the Mississippi River. These did not succeed, but La Salle did explore much of the Rio Grande and parts of East Texas. During one of his absences in 1686, the colony's last ship was wrecked, leaving the colonists unable to obtain resources from the French colonies of the Caribbean. As conditions deteriorated, La Salle realized the colony could surviv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alonso De León
Alonso de León "El Mozo" (c. 1639–1691) was an explorer and governor in New Spain who led several expeditions into the area that is now northeastern Mexico and southern Texas. Early life Alonso de León González was born in 1639, in the settlement of Cadereyta Jiménez, Cadereyta, Nuevo León in New Spain. He was the third son of General Alonso De León, a celebrated chronicler, historian and conquistador of the frontier of Nuevo León, and Josefa González.Chipman and Joseph (1999), p. 24. To distinguish him from his father, who was also a prominent leader in the colony, sometimes the phrase, ''El Mozo,'' would later be appended to his name (or its English equivalent, "the younger"). De León trained in Spain for a naval career and joined the Spanish navy in 1657. By 1660 he had returned to Nuevo León. He was frequently appointed to lead exploratory parties, and he became an entrepreneur, most notably in salt mining. De León married Agustina Cantú and had six children ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Puebloans
The Pueblo peoples are Native Americans in the United States, Native Americans in the Southwestern United States who share common agricultural, material, and religious practices. Among the currently inhabited Pueblos, Taos Pueblo, Taos, San Ildefonso Pueblo, San Ildefonso, Acoma Pueblo, Acoma, Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico, Zuni, and Hopi are some of the most commonly known. Pueblo people speak languages from four different Language family, language families, and each Pueblo is further divided culturally by kinship systems and agricultural practices, although all cultivate varieties of corn (maize). Pueblo peoples History of the Pueblo peoples, have lived in the American Southwest for millennia and descend from the Ancestral Puebloans, Ancestral Pueblo peoples. The term ''Anasazi'' is sometimes used to refer to Ancestral Puebloans, but it is considered derogatory and offensive. "Anasazi" is a Navajo language, Navajo adoption of a Ute Indian, Ute term that translates to ''Ancient Enem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pueblo Revolt
The Pueblo Revolt of 1680, also known as Popé, Popé's Rebellion or Po'pay's Rebellion, was an uprising of most of the Indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish Empire, Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, larger than present-day New Mexico. Incidents of brutality and cruelty, coupled with persistent Spanish policies such as those that occurred in 1599 and resulted in the Ácoma Massacre, stoked animosity and gave rise to the eventual Revolt of 1680. The persecution and mistreatment of Pueblo people who adhered to traditional religious practices was the most despised of these. Scholars consider it the first Native American religions, Native American religious traditionalist revitalization movement. The Spaniards were resolved to abolish Paganism, pagan forms of worship and replace them with Christianity. The Pueblo Revolt killed 400 Spaniards and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. The Spaniards returned to New Mexico twelve years ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Presidio, Texas
Presidio is a city in Presidio County, Texas, United States. It is situated on the Rio Grande (''Río Bravo del Norte'') River, on the opposite side of the U.S.–Mexico border from Ojinaga, Chihuahua. The name originates from Spanish and means "fortress". The population was 3,264 at the 2020 census. Presidio is on the Farm to Market Road 170, and U.S. Route 67, south of Shafter in Presidio County. Presidio is approximately southeast of El Paso, southwest of Odessa, and northeast of Chihuahua City. History The junction of the Rio Conchos and Rio Grande at Presidio was settled thousands of years ago by hunting and gathering peoples. By 1200 CE, the local Native Americans had adopted agriculture and lived in small, closely knit, La Junta Indians settlements, which the Spaniards later called ''pueblos''. The first Spaniards came to Presidio in 1535. Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his three companions stopped at the Native American pueblo, placed a cross on the moun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
El Paso, Texas
El Paso (; ; or ) is a city in and the county seat of El Paso County, Texas, United States. The 2020 United States census, 2020 population of the city from the United States Census Bureau, U.S. Census Bureau was 678,815, making it the List of United States cities by population, 22nd-most populous city in the U.S., the most populous city in West Texas, and the List of cities in Texas by population, sixth-most populous city in Texas. Its metropolitan statistical area covers all of El Paso and Hudspeth County, Texas, Hudspeth counties in Texas, and had a population of 868,859 in 2020. El Paso stands on the Rio Grande across the Mexico–United States border from Ciudad Juárez, the most populous city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua (state), Chihuahua. On the U.S. side, the El Paso metropolitan area forms part of the larger El Paso–Las Cruces, Texas–New Mexico combined statistical area, El Paso–Las Cruces combined statistical area with Las Cruces, New Mexico, which has a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
San Angelo, Texas
San Angelo ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Tom Green County, Texas, United States. Its location is in the Concho Valley, a region of West Texas between the Permian Basin (North America), Permian Basin to the northwest, Chihuahuan Desert to the southwest, Osage Plains to the northeast, and Central Texas to the southeast. According to the 2020 United States Census, San Angelo had a total population of 99,893. It is the principal city and center of the San Angelo metropolitan area, which had a population of 121,516. San Angelo is home to Angelo State University, historic Fort Concho, and Goodfellow Air Force Base. It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Angelo. History In 1632, a short-lived mission of Franciscans under Spanish auspices was founded in the area to serve native people. The mission was led by the friars Juan de Salas (friar), Juan de Salas and Juan de Ortega, with Ortega remaining for six months. The area was visited by the Castillo-Martin expedit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spanish Texas
Spanish Texas was one of the interior provinces of the colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain from 1519 until 1821. Spain claimed ownership of the region in 1519. Slave raids by Spaniards into what became Texas began in the 16th century and created an atmosphere of antagonism with Native Americans (Indians) which would cause endless difficulties for the Spanish in the future. Spain did not attempt to establish a permanent presence until after France established the colony of Fort Saint Louis in 1685. In 1688, the French colony failed due to internal dissention and attacks by the Karankawa Indians. In 1690, responding to fear of French encroachment, Spanish explorer Alonso de León escorted several Catholic missionaries to east Texas, where they established the first mission in Texas. That attempt to establish a Spanish colony failed due to the hostility of the Caddo Indians. The Spanish returned to southeastern Texas in 1716, establishing several missions and a presidio to ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spanish Missions In The Americas
The Spanish missions in the Americas were Catholic missions established by the Spanish Empire during the 16th to 19th centuries in the period of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Many hundreds of missions, durable and ephemeral, created by numerous Catholic religious orders were scattered throughout the entirety of the Spanish colonies, which extended southward from the United States and Mexico to Argentina and Chile. The relationship between Spanish colonization and the Canonicalization of the Americas is inextricable. The conversion of the Indigenous people of the Americas was viewed as crucial for colonization. The missions created by members of the Catholic orders were often located on the outermost borders of the colonies. The missions facilitated the expansion of the Spanish empire through the religious conversion of the indigenous peoples occupying those areas. While the Spanish Crown dominated the political, economic, and social realms of the Americas and peo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
