Melanthiaceae
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Melanthiaceae
Melanthiaceae, also called the bunchflower family, is a family (biology), family of flowering plant, flowering herbaceous perennial plants native to the Northern Hemisphere. Along with many other lilioid monocots, early authors considered members of this family to belong to the family Liliaceae, in part because both their sepals and petals closely resemble each other and are often large and showy like those of Lilium, lilies, while some more recent taxonomists have placed them in a family Trilliaceae. The most authoritative modern treatment, however, the APG III system of 2009 (unchanged from the 2003 APG II system and the 1998 APG system), places the family in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots. Circumscription (taxonomy), Circumscribed in this way, the family includes up to 17 genera. Familiar members of the family include the genera ''Paris (plant), Paris'' and ''Trillium''. Genera and species , the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepted 17 genera in ...
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Liliales
Liliales is an order (biology), order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web List of systems of plant classification, system, within the lilioid monocots. This order of necessity includes the family (biology), family Liliaceae. The APG III system (2009) places this order in the monocot clade. In APG III, the family Luzuriagaceae is combined with the family Alstroemeriaceae and the family Petermanniaceae is recognized. Both the order Lililiales and the family Liliaceae have had a widely disputed history, with the circumscription (taxonomy), circumscription varying greatly from one taxonomist to another. Previous members of this order, which at one stage included most monocots with conspicuous tepals and lacking starch in the endosperm are now distributed over three orders, Liliales, Dioscoreales and Asparagales, using predominantly molecular phylogenetics. The newly delimited Liliales is monophyletic, with ten families. W ...
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Trillium
''Trillium'' (trillium, wakerobin, toadshade, tri flower, birthroot, birthwort, and sometimes "wood lily") is a genus of about fifty flowering plant species in the family Melanthiaceae. ''Trillium'' species are native to temperate regions of North America and Asia, with the greatest diversity of species found in the southern Appalachian Mountains in the southeastern United States. Description Plants of this genus are perennial herbs growing from rhizomes. There are three large leaf-like bracts arranged in a whorl about a scape that rises directly from the rhizome. There are no true aboveground leaves but sometimes there are scale-like leaves on the underground rhizome. The bracts are photosynthetic and are sometimes called leaves. The inflorescence is a single flower with three green or reddish sepals and three petals in shades of red, purple, pink, white, yellow, or green. At the center of the flower there are six stamens and three stigmas borne on a very short style, if an ...
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Melanthieae
Melanthieae is a tribe of flowering plants within the family Melanthiaceae. Molecular phylogenetics, Molecular phylogenetic studies in the 21st century have resulted in a large-scale reassignment of many of its species to different genera; in particular the genus ''Zigadenus'' (deathcamases) has been restricted to a single species, ''Zigadenus glaberrimus''. Plants contain alkaloids, making them unpalatable to grazing animals; many are very poisonous to both animals and humans. Description Like the family as a whole, members of the tribe are "lilioid monocots", i.e. their flowers superficially resemble those of the genus ''Lilium'', with six tepals not differentiated into sepals and petals. As with other lilioid monocots, they were previously included in a broadly defined family Liliaceae. They are found mainly in woodland or alpine habitats in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere (North America, Central America, and Asia), with one species found in South America. They ...
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Schoenocaulon
''Schoenocaulon'' is a North American genus of perennial herbaceous flowering plants, ranging from the southern United States to Peru. It is a member of the Melanthiaceae, according to the APG III system, APG III classification system, and is placed in the tribe Melanthieae. Unlike other genera in the tribe, the flowers are arranged in a Raceme, spike; depending on the species the flower stalks for each flower are either very short or completely absent. Feathershank is a common name, the medicinally used ''S. officinale'' is called Sabadilla (pronunciation: /sab-uh-dil-uh/, International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA: /ˌsæb əˈdɪl ə/). Plants generally grow in chaparral, oak, or pine forests. Grazing has narrowed the natural ranges of some species to only steep, rocky terrain.Frame, D. 1990. A revision of ''Schoenocaulon'' (Liliaceae: Melanthieae). Ph. D. Thesis. The City University of New York. New York. 269 pp. Mexico is the center of ''Schoenocaulon'' diversity, with 22 endem ...
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Chionographis
''Chionographis'' is a genus of plants in the Melanthiaceae first described as a genus in 1867. This genus is native to China, Japan, and Korea. ''Chionographis'' species are perennial flowering plants that grow from rhizomes. They produce a basal rosette of evergreen leaves, from the center of which emerges a flowering scape. The scape produces a spike of many small white flowers. The flowers are zygomorphic in shape, and when perfect have six tepals, one pistil, and six stamens. However, not all individuals have perfect flowers. Many populations feature gynodioecy, and more rarely, androdioecy. They are native to China, Japan, and Korea, and typically grow in moist places in the temperate forests' understory. ; species * ''Chionographis chinensis'' K.Krause - Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan * ''Chionographis hisauchiana'' (Okuyama) N.Tanaka - Japan * ''Chionographis japonica'' (Willd.) Maxim. - Japan, Jeju-do * ''Chionographis koidzumiana'' Ohwi - Japan * ''Chion ...
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Ypsilandra
''Ypsilandra'' is a genus of at least six herbaceous plant species, first described as a genus in 1888. This genus is a member of the Melanthiaceae and is native to East Asia (China, the Himalayas, Myanmar, Thailand). ''Ypsilandra'' species are perennial plants that grow from thick rhizomes. They are associated with sloping, forested habitats. They are very infrequently cultivated in the West. Their leaves are generally long and thin, growing in a rosette from the base of the plant. ''Ypsilandra'' species produce flowers on a long scape arising from the intersection of the leaves and the stem. The inflorescences consist of a cluster of nodding, radially-symmetrical tube-shaped flowers with six tepals. The stamens protrude beyond the tepals. Depending on the species, the tepals may be white, pink, purple, or yellow. ; Species * '' Ypsilandra alpina'' F.T.Wang & Tang - Tibet, Yunnan, N Myanmar * '' Ypsilandra cavaleriei'' H.Lév. & Vaniot - Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Huna ...
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Paris (plant)
''Paris'' is a genus of flowering plants described by Linnaeus in 1753. It is widespread across Europe and Asia, with a center of diversity in China. It consists of less than two dozen herbaceous plants: the best known species is '' Paris quadrifolia''. Some ''Paris'' species are used in traditional Chinese medicine for their analgesic and anticoagulant properties, most notably as an ingredient of Yunnan Baiyao. Intense ethnopharmaceutical interest has significantly reduced their numbers. These plants are closely related to ''Trillium'', with the distinction traditionally being that ''Trillium'' contains species which have trimerous (three-petaled) flowers, and ''Paris'' contains species which have 4- to 11-merous flowers. A recent analysis places the genera ''Daiswa'' and ''Kinugasa'' in ''Paris'', though the actual circumscription of the genus is debated. Etymology From Latin herba Paris (Herba Paris), Paris herba, from Latin herba and Latin par (“equal”), in reference ...
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Amianthium
''Amianthium'' is a North American genus of perennial plants growing from bulbs. It contains the single known species ''Amianthium muscitoxicum'', known in English as fly poison from a literal translation of the Latin epithet ''muscitoxicum'', and is noted for its pretty flowers and its toxic alkaloid content. While all parts of the plant are poisonous, the bulb is particularly toxic. The scientific epithet was given to it by Thomas Walter when he published his ''Flora Caroliniana'' in 1788. The bulb was mixed with sugar by American colonists to kill flies. The toxic alkaloids present in the roots and leaves include jervine and amianthine. ''Amianthium'' is self-incompatible and is pollinated mostly by beetles. It is native to eastern North America, as far north as Pennsylvania, west roughly to the Appalachian Mountains (with an additional area in the Ozarks), and south to northern Florida and eastern Louisiana. Within the family Melanthiaceae, ''Amianthium'' is a memb ...
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Helonias
''Helonias'' is a genus of flowering plants. It contains 12 species, with 11 native to the Himalayas and eastern Asia and one ('' H. bullata'') to the eastern United States. Some authors treat ''Helonias'' as a monotypic genus containing only ''H. bullata'', and place the Asian species in the separate genera ''Ypsilandra'' and ''Heloniopsis''. Noriyuka Tanaka concluded that the 12 species were broadly similar in morphological and ecological characteristics and should be placed in a single genus. Tanaka divides the genus into two sections; sect. ''Helonias'', consisting only of ''H. bullata'', and sect. ''Heloniopsis'' which includes the 11 Asian species. Sect. ''Helionopsis'' is composed of two subsections; subsect. ''Ypsilandra'' includes of five species previously published under the genus ''Ypsilandra'', and subsect. ''Heloniopsis'' includes six species in two series, ser. ''Umbellatae'' with three species from Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands, and ser. ''Heloniopsis'', with thre ...
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Trilliaceae
Trilliaceae was a family of flowering plants first named in 1846; however, most taxonomists now consider the genera formerly assigned to it to belong to the family Liliaceae. The APG IV system, of 2016 (unchanged from the APG system, of 1998), does not recognize such a family either and assigns the plants involved to family Melanthiaceae, tribe Parideae. Nevertheless, some taxonomists still recognize a separate family Trilliaceae. The most important genus in North America is ''Trillium'', and the taxonomy of that genus has always been controversial. A recent treatment (Farmer and Schilling 2002) stated that the family Trilliaceae, which exhibits an arcto-tertiary distribution, comprises six genera. Three of these exhibit a wide distribution: * ''Paris'' from Iceland to Japan, * '' Daiswa'' from eastern Asia, and * ''Trillium'' from North America and eastern Asia Three are monotypic, endemic genera: * ''Trillidium govanianum'', with a tepaloid inflorescence, from the Himalayan Mo ...
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Heloniopsis
''Helonias'' is a genus of flowering plants. It contains 12 species, with 11 native to the Himalayas and eastern Asia and one ('' H. bullata'') to the eastern United States. Some authors treat ''Helonias'' as a monotypic genus containing only ''H. bullata'', and place the Asian species in the separate genera ''Ypsilandra'' and ''Heloniopsis''. Noriyuka Tanaka concluded that the 12 species were broadly similar in morphological and ecological characteristics and should be placed in a single genus. Tanaka divides the genus into two sections; sect. ''Helonias'', consisting only of ''H. bullata'', and sect. ''Heloniopsis'' which includes the 11 Asian species. Sect. ''Helionopsis'' is composed of two subsections; subsect. ''Ypsilandra'' includes of five species previously published under the genus ''Ypsilandra'', and subsect. ''Heloniopsis'' includes six species in two series, ser. ''Umbellatae'' with three species from Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands, and ser. ''Heloniopsis'', with thre ...
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Lilioid Monocot
Lilioid monocots (lilioids, liliid monocots, petaloid monocots, petaloid lilioid monocots) is an informal name used for a grade (grouping of taxa with common characteristics) of five monocot orders (Petrosaviales, Dioscoreales, Pandanales, Liliales and Asparagales) in which the majority of species have flowers with relatively large, coloured tepals. This characteristic is similar to that found in lilies ("lily-like"). Petaloid monocots refers to the flowers having tepals which all resemble petals (petaloid). The taxonomic terms Lilianae or Liliiflorae have also been applied to this assemblage at various times. From the early nineteenth century many of the species in this group of plants were put into a very broadly defined family, Liliaceae ''sensu lato'' or ''s.l.'' (lily family). These classification systems are still found in many books and other sources. Within the monocots the Liliaceae ''s.l.'' were distinguished from the Glumaceae. The development of molecular phylogen ...
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