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Lule–Vilela Languages
The two Lule–Vilela languages constitute a small, distantly related language family A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. The term ''family'' is a metaphor borrowed from biology, with the tree model used in historical linguistics ... of northern Argentina. Kaufman found the relationship likely and with general agreement among the major classifiers of South American languages. Viegas Barros published additional evidence from 1996–2006. However, Zamponi (2008) considers Lule and Vilela each as language isolates, with similarities being due to contact. Internal classification Internal classification of the Lule–Vilela languages by Mason (1950): *Lule–Vilela ** Lule ***Great Lule (of Miraflores, of Machoni) ***Small Lule ****Isistiné ****Tokistiné ****Oristiné ** Vilela ***Atalalá ***Chunupà (Sinipé, ChulupÃ) ****Yooc (Yoo, Wamalca) ****Ocolé ****Yecoanita ***Pas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. The term ''family'' is a metaphor borrowed from biology, with the tree model used in historical linguistics analogous to a family tree, or to phylogenetic trees of taxa used in evolutionary taxonomy. Linguists thus describe the ''daughter languages'' within a language family as being ''genetically related''. The divergence of a proto-language into daughter languages typically occurs through geographical separation, with different regional dialects of the proto-language undergoing different language changes and thus becoming distinct languages over time. One well-known example of a language family is the Romance languages, including Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Catalan, and many others, all of which are descended from Vulgar Latin.Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.)''Ethnologue: Languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lule Language
Lule is an indigenous language of northern Argentina, which may now be extinct. Campbell (1997) writes that in 1981 there was an unconfirmed report that Lule was still spoken by 5 families in Resistencia in east-central Chaco Province Chaco (; Wichi languages, Wichi: ''To-kós-wet''), officially the Province of Chaco ( ) is one of the 23 provinces of Argentina, provinces of Argentina. Its capital and largest city is Resistencia, Chaco, Resistencia. It is located in the north- .... It is unclear if it is the same language as '' Tonocoté''. Classification Lule appears to be distantly related to the still-spoken Vilela language, together forming a small Lule–Vilela family. Kaufman (1990) finds this relationship likely and with general agreement among the major classifiers of South American languages. Viegas Barros published additional evidence 1996–2006. Zamponi (2008) and other authors consider Lule and Vilela two linguistic isolates. There were three distinct groups ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vilela Language
Vilela (''Uakambalelté, Atalalá, ChulupÃ~ChunupÃ'')Not to be confused with Nivaclé language, Niwaklé, which is also called ChulupÃ~ChunupÃ. is a moribund language last spoken in the Resistencia, Chaco, Resistencia area of Argentina and in the eastern Gran Chaco, Chaco near the Paraguayan border. Dialects were ''Ocol, Chinipi, Sinipi''; only Ocol survives. The people call themselves ''Waqha-umbaβelte'' 'Waqha speakers'. There were 2 semispeakers as of 2007. The last Vilela people were absorbed into the surrounding Toba people and Spanish language, Spanish-speaking townsfolk. Dialects ÄŒestmÃr Loukotka, Loukotka (1968) lists the following varieties of Vilela. *Chunupi - formerly spoken on the confluence of the San Francisco River and Bermejo River in the vicinity of La Encrucijada, Argentina, La Encrucijada, Valtolema, Ortega, Esquina Grande and Laguna Colma. *Pasain - formerly spoken in the vicinity of Macapillo, Argentine Chaco. *Ocole - formerly spoken between Lacanga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Alden Mason
John Alden Mason (January 14, 1885 – November 7, 1967) was an American archaeological anthropologist and linguist. Mason was born in Orland, Indiana, but grew up in Philadelphia's Germantown. He received his undergraduate degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1907 and a doctorate from the University of California, Berkeley in 1911. His dissertation was an ethnographic study of the Salinan Amerindian ethnic group of California. He also authored a number of linguistic studies, including a study of Piman languages. His later ethnographic works included studies of the Tepehuan. The first series of Juan Bobo stories published in the U.S. occurred in 1921. They appeared in the ''Journal of American Folklore'' under the title ''Porto Rican Folklore'', and were collected by Mason from Puerto Rican school children. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution ( ), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums, Education center, education and Research institute, research centers, created by the Federal government of the United States, U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge". Founded on August 10, 1846, it operates as a trust instrumentality and is not formally a part of any of the Federal government of the United States#branches, three branches of the federal government. The institution is named after its founding donor, British scientist James Smithson. It was originally organized as the United States National Museum, but that name ceased to exist administratively in 1967. The Smithsonian Institution has historical holdings of over 157 million items, 21 museums, 21 libraries, 14 education and research centers, a zoo, and historical and architectural landmarks, mostly located in Washington, D.C. Additional facilities are located in Maryland, New York (state), New York, and Virg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bureau Of American Ethnology
The Bureau of American Ethnology (or BAE, originally, Bureau of Ethnology) was established in 1879 by an act of Congress for the purpose of transferring archives, records and materials relating to the Indians of North America from the Department of the Interior to the Smithsonian Institution. But from the start, the bureau's visionary founding director, John Wesley Powell, promoted a broader mission: "to organize anthropologic research in America." Under Powell, the bureau organized research-intensive multi-year projects; sponsored ethnographic, archaeological and linguistic field research; initiated publications series (most notably its Annual Reports and Bulletins); and promoted the fledgling discipline of anthropology. It prepared exhibits for expositions and collected anthropological artifacts for the Smithsonian United States National Museum. In addition, the BAE was the official repository of documents concerning American Indians collected by the various US geological su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tonocoté
The Tonocotés or Tonokotés are an aboriginal people inhabiting the provinces of Santiago del Estero and Tucumán in Argentina. History In ancient times inhabited the south-central plains of Santiago del Estero and the current city. By 1480 the Inca Empire occupied northwestern Argentina, incorporating part of the tonocotés. The Spaniards called the tonocotés and other peoples of the former Tucumán as ''JurÃes'', deformation of the Quechua word ''xuri'' that means Rhea, because of the kind of loincloth feathers of this bird that the natives wore and that they moved into real flocks. In 1574 the name of ''tonocoté'' appears on a document and eventually supplanted the earlier denomination. They belong to brasÃlido type: height and nose are median and have broad face. They received a strong influence of Andean cultures, being sedentary and practicing agriculture, hunting, fishing and gathering.Limited to the north by the lules, south by the sanavirones, west to the di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ÄŒestmÃr Loukotka
ÄŒestmÃr Loukotka (12 November 1895 – 13 April 1966) was a Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovak linguist and ethnologist. His daughter was Jarmila Loukotková. Career Loukotka proposed a Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas#Loukotka (1968), classification for the languages of South America based on several previous works. This classification contained many unpublished materials and therefore greatly improved upon previous classifications. He divided the languages of South America and the Caribbean into 77 different families, based upon similarities of vocabulary and available lists. His classification of 1968 is the most influential and was based upon two previous schemes (1935, 1944), which were similar to those proposed by Paul Rivet (whom he was a student of), although the number of families was increased to 94 and 114. *reviewed in References 1895 births 1958 deaths Linguists from Czechoslovakia Historical linguists Linguists of Indigenous lang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wiktionary
Wiktionary (, ; , ; rhyming with "dictionary") is a multilingual, web-based project to create a free content dictionary of terms (including words, phrases, proverbs, linguistic reconstructions, etc.) in all natural languages and in a number of artificial languages. These entries may contain definitions, images for illustration, pronunciations, etymologies, inflections, usage examples, quotations, related terms, and translations of terms into other languages, among other features. It is collaboratively edited via a wiki. Its name is a portmanteau of the words ''wiki'' and ''dictionary''. It is available in languages and in Simple English. Like its sister project Wikipedia, Wiktionary is run by the Wikimedia Foundation, and is written collaboratively by volunteers, dubbed "Wiktionarians". Its wiki software, MediaWiki, allows almost anyone with access to the website to create and edit entries. Because Wiktionary is not limited by print space considerations, most of Wiktiona ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
