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Liparidae
The snailfishes or sea snails (not to be confused with invertebrate sea snails), are a family of marine ray-finned fishes. These fishes make up the Liparidae, a family classified within the order Scorpaeniformes. Widely distributed from the Arctic to Antarctic Oceans, including the oceans in between, the snailfish family contains more than 30 genera and about 410 described species, but there are also many undescribed species. Snailfish are found at depths ranging from shallow coastal waters to more than , including in seven ocean trenches. Taxonomy The snailfish family, Liparidae, was first proposed by the American biologist Theodore Gill in 1861. The 5th edition of ''Fishes of the World'' classifies this family within superfamily Cyclopteroidea, part of the suborder Cottoidei of the order Scorpaeniformes. Other authorities do not recognise this superfamily and classify the two families within it, Cyclopteridae and Liparidae, within the infraorder Cottales alongside the sc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyclopteroidea
Cyclopteroidea is a superfamily of ray-finned fishes within the order Scorpaeniformes. The superfamily comprises 2 families, the Cyclopteridae, the lumpsuckers, of the cool northern seas and the widespread Liparidae, the snailfishes. A common feature shared by these families is that they typically have the pelvic fins modified to form a disc shaped sucker. Taxonomy Cyclopteroidea was first proposed as a taxonomic grouping in 1873 by the American biologist Theodore Gill to include the Cycopteridae and the Liparidae as relatives of the Cottidae. The 5th edition of ''Fishes of the World'' classifies the superfamily within the suborder Cottoidei of the order Scorpaeniformes. Other authorities do not recognise the superfamily and classify the two families, Cyclopteridae and Liparidae, within the infraorder Cottales alongside the sculpins, within the order Perciformes. An osteological analysis found that the genus '' Bathylutichthys'' was intermediate between the Psychrolutidae and the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liparis (fish)
''Liparis'' is a large genus of snailfish from the northern hemisphere. They are very common in temperate and cold waters. Chernova (2008) has proposed that the genus should be subdivided into five subgenera: ''Liparis'', ''Neoliparis'', ''Lycocara'', ''Careliparis'', and ''Lyoliparis''. The generic name is from Ancient Greek λιπαρός (''liparos'', " oily"). Species There are currently 60 recognized species in this genus: * '' Liparis adiastolus'' Stein, C. E. Bond & Misitano, 2003 * '' Liparis agassizii'' Putnam, 1874 * '' Liparis alboventer'' ( Krasyukova, 1984) * ''Liparis antarcticus'' Putnam, 1874 * '' Liparis atlanticus'' ( D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1898) (Atlantic seasnail) * '' Liparis barbatus'' Ekström ( sv), 1832 (Common sea-snail)Chernova, N. V. (2008): Systematics and phylogeny of fish of the genus ''Liparis'' (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes). ''Journal of Ichthyology v. 48 (no. 10): 831-852.'' * '' Liparis bikunin'' Matsubara & Iwai, 1954 * '' Liparis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elassodiscus Tremebundus
''Elassodiscus tremebundus'', the dimdisc snailfish, is a species of snailfish which is found in the Pacific Ocean, specifically in the Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Aleutian Islands, eastern coast of Kamchatka Krai, Kamchatka, Kuril Islands, and Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan. Taxonomy The genus name ''Elassodiscus'' was first described by Gilbert & Burke in 1912, the species ''E. tremebundus'' being described in the same year. The genus name comes from the Greek language, Greek words 'elasson' (έλασσον) meaning 'smaller' and diskos (δίσκος) meaning 'disc'. This may be in reference to a smaller adhesive disc (a common characteristic in many snailfish species aside from those in the genera ''Paraliparis'' and ''Tadpole snailfish, Nectoliparis'') than other genera of snailfish. The etymology of the species name ''tremebundus'' is unclear/not well documented. Description ''Elassodiscus tremebundus'' is a comparatively medium-sized species of snailfish. It makes its home i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudoliparis Swirei
''Pseudoliparis swirei'', the Mariana snailfish or Mariana hadal snailfish, is a species of snailfish found at hadal depths in the Mariana Trench in the western Pacific Ocean. It is known from a depth range of , including a capture at , which is possibly the record for a fish caught on the seafloor. Various anatomical, physiological, molecular and genetic adaptions help this species survive in such depths. This pale, tadpole-like fish reaches up to in standard length and in weight. It is apparently the top predator along certain stretches of the Mariana Trench, feeding on tiny crustaceans in a deep-water habitat with few larger predators. ''Pseudoliparis swirei'' are abundant in their deep-sea habitat and lay relatively large eggs that are almost in diameter. Discovery The first specimens of this species were caught in 2014 during an expedition of the research vessel ''Falkor''. To catch the fish, deep-water traps designed to minimize the damage to the caught fish during the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perciformes
Perciformes (), also called the Acanthopteri, is an order or superorder of ray-finned fish in the clade Percomorpha. ''Perciformes'' means " perch-like". Among the well-known members of this group are perches and darters ( Percidae), and also sea basses and groupers (Serranidae). This order contains many familiar freshwater temperate and tropical marine fish groups, but also extremophiles that have successfully colonized both the North and South Poles, as well as the deepest depths of the ocean. Taxonomy Formerly, this group was thought to be even more diverse than it is thought to be now, containing about 41% of all bony fish (about 10,000 species) and about 160 families, which is the most of any order within the vertebrates. However, many of these other families have since been reclassified within their own orders within the clade Percomorpha, significantly reducing the size of the group. In contrast to this splitting, other groups formerly considered distinct, such as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trimethylamine N-oxide
Trimethylamine ''N''-oxide (TMAO) is an organic compound with the formula . It is in the class of amine oxides. Although the anhydrous compound is known, trimethylamine ''N''-oxide is usually encountered as the dihydrate. Both the anhydrous and hydrated materials are white, water-soluble solids. TMAO is found in the tissues of marine crustaceans and marine fish, where it prevents water pressure from distorting proteins and thus killing the animal. The concentration of TMAO increases with the depth at which the animal lives; TMAO is found in high concentrations in the deepest-living described fish species, '' Pseudoliparis swirei'', which was found in the Mariana Trench, at a recorded depth of . In animals, TMAO is a product of the oxidation of trimethylamine, a common metabolite of trimethyl quaternary ammonium compounds, like choline, trimethylglycine, and L-carnitine. High TMAO concentrations are associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antarctic Ocean
The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of the world ocean, generally taken to be south of 60th parallel south, 60° S latitude and encircling Antarctica. With a size of , it is the second-smallest of the five principal oceanic divisions, smaller than the Pacific Ocean, Pacific, Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic and Indian Ocean, Indian oceans, and larger than the Arctic Ocean. The maximum depth of the Southern Ocean, using the definition that it lies south of 60th parallel, was surveyed by the Five Deeps Expedition in early February 2019. The expedition's multibeam sonar team identified the deepest point at 60° 28' 46"S, 025° 32' 32"W, with a depth of . The expedition leader and chief submersible pilot Victor Vescovo, has proposed naming this deepest point the "Factorian Deep", based on the name of the crewed submersible ''DSV Limiting Factor'', in which he successfully visited the bottom for the first time on February 3, 2019 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scorpaeniformes
The Scorpaeniformes are a diverse Order (biology), order of Actinopterygii, ray-finned fish, including the lionfishes and sculpins, but have also been called the Scleroparei. It is one of the five largest orders of bony fishes by number of species, with over 1,320. They are known as "mail-cheeked" fishes due to their distinguishing characteristic, the suborbital stay: a backwards extension of the third circumorbital bone (part of the lateral head/cheek skeleton, below the eye socket) across the cheek to the preoperculum (fish), operculum, to which it is connected in most species. Scorpaeniform fishes are carnivore, carnivorous, mostly feeding on crustaceans and on smaller fish. Most species live on the sea bottom in relatively shallow waters, although species are known from deep water, from the midwater, and even from fresh water. They typically have spiny heads, and rounded pectoral fin, pectoral and caudal fins. Most species are less than in length, but the full size range o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cottoidei
Cottoidei is a suborder of ray-finned fishes which, according to the 5th edition of ''Fishes of the World'', is placed within the order Scorpaeniformes, alongside the scorpionfishes, flatheads, eelpouts, sticklebacks and related fishes. Taxonomy Cottoidei was first proposed as a taxonomic grouping in 1835 by the Swiss-American zoologist Louis Agassiz. The 5th edition of ''Fishes of the World'' classifies the Cottoidei as a suborder of the order Scorpaeniformes. Other workers have found that if the Scorpaeniformes, as delimited in ''Fishes of the World'', is not included in the Perciformes it renders the Perciformes paraphyletic. These workers retain the Cottoidei as a suborder within the Perciformes but include the zoarcoids and Sticklebacks and allies as the infraorders Zoarcales and Gasterosteales while reclassifying most superfamilies of ''Fishes of the World'' as infraorders. Subdivisions The Cottoidei is divided into the following superfamilies and families: * Superfa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crystallin
In anatomy, a crystallin is a water-soluble structural protein found in the lens and the cornea of the eye accounting for the transparency of the structure. It has also been identified in other places such as the heart, and in aggressive breast cancer tumors. The physical origins of eye lens transparency and its relationship to cataract are an active area of research. Since it has been shown that lens injury may promote nerve regeneration, crystallin has been an area of neural research. So far, it has been demonstrated that crystallin β b2 (crybb2) may be a neurite-promoting factor. Function The main function of crystallins at least in the lens of the eye is probably to increase the refractive index while not obstructing light. However, this is not their only function. It has become clear that crystallins may have several metabolic and regulatory functions, both within the lens and in other parts of the body. More proteins containing βγ-crystallin domains have now been char ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bathylutichthys
''Bathylutichthys'' a genus of marine ray-finned fishes which is the only genus in the monotypic family Bathylutichthyidae, known as the Antarctic sculpins. These fishes are found in the Southern Ocean. Taxonomy ''Bathylutichthys'' was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1990 by the Russian ichthyologists Arkady Vladimirovich Balushkin and Olga Stepanovna Voskoboinikova when they described ''Bathylutichthys taranetzi'' from off South Georgia. A second species, ''Bathylutichthys balushkini'' was described by Voskoboinikova from the Meteor Shoal in the southeastern Atlantic. The 5th edition of ''Fishes of the World'' classifies the genus in the monotypic family Bathylutichthyidae, other authorities place the genus in the subfamily Psychrolutinae in the family Psychrolutidae. Phylogenetically the taxon has been argued to be intermediate between the Psychrolutidae and the two families making up the superfamily Cyclopteroidea, meaning that those two families would not be suppo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melanocortin 1 Receptor
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), also known as melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MSHR), melanin-activating peptide receptor, or melanotropin receptor, is a G protein–coupled receptor that binds to a class of pituitary peptide hormones known as the melanocortins, which include adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the different forms of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). It is coupled to Gαs and upregulates levels of cAMP by activating adenylyl cyclase in cells expressing this receptor. It is normally expressed in skin and melanocytes, and to a lesser degree in periaqueductal gray matter, astrocytes and leukocytes. In skin cancer, MC1R is highly expressed in melanomas but not carcinomas. MC1R is one of the key proteins involved in regulating mammalian skin color and hair color. It is located on the plasma membrane of specialized cells known as melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin through the process of melanogenesis. It controls the type o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
