|
Kurdish Literature
Kurdish literature ( or ) is literature written in the Kurdish languages. Literary Kurdish works have been written in each of the six main Kurdish languages: Zaza language, Zaza, Gorani language, Gorani, Kurmanji, Sorani, Laki language, Laki and Southern Kurdish. Balül, a 9th-century poet and religious scholar of the Yarsanism, Yarsani faith, is the first well-known poet who wrote in Gorani Kurdish. Ehmedê Xanî (1650–1707) is probably the most renowned of the old Kurdish poets. He wrote the romantic Epic poetry, epic ''Mem and Zin, Mem û Zîn'' in Kurmanji, sometimes considered the Kurdish national epic. Sorani poetry developed mainly after the late 18th century. Most written Kurdish literature was poetry until the 20th century, when prose genres began to be developed. Zazaki-Gorani literature Zaza language, Zaza and Gorani language, Gorani (also known as Hewrami) are two Northwestern Iranian languages which are linguistically distinct from the Kurdish languages, altho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literature
Literature is any collection of Writing, written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially novels, Play (theatre), plays, and poetry, poems. It includes both print and Electronic literature, digital writing. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include oral literature, much of which has been transcribed.; see also Homer. Literature is a method of recording, preserving, and transmitting knowledge and entertainment. It can also have a social, psychological, spiritual, or political role. Literary criticism is one of the oldest academic disciplines, and is concerned with the literary merit or intellectual significance of specific texts. The study of books and other texts as artifacts or traditions is instead encompassed by textual criticism or the history of the book. "Literature", as an art form, is sometimes used synonymously with literary fiction, fiction written with the goal of artistic merit, but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanandaj
Sanandaj (; ) is a city in the Central District of Sanandaj County, in the Kurdistan province of Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district. With a population of 414,069, it is the second largest Kurdish city and 23rd largest city overall in Iran. History Sanandaj's founding is fairly recent, (about 250 years ago), yet in its short existence it has grown to become one of the centers of Kurdish culture.Geoffrey Khan, The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Sanandaj, Piscataway NJ: Gorgias Press, p. 1. During the Iran–Iraq War the city was attacked by Iraqi planes and saw disturbances. Since 2019, UNESCO has recognized Sanandaj as Creative City of Music. The name "Sinna" first appears in records from the 14th century CE. Before this, the main city in the region was Sisar, whose exact location is unknown. Sisar was also called "Sisar of Sadkhaniya", or "Sisar of the hundred springs", and it has been proposed that the current name of "Sinna" is a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bohtan
Bohtan was a medieval Kurdish principality in the Ottoman Empire centered on the town of Jazirah ibn 'Omar in southeastern Anatolia. The official religion of this principality was Yezidism in 14th century, although the rulers eventually converted to Islam. Bohtan constituted the third major Yezidi enclave after Shekhan and Sinjar until the 19th century. History Origin It is not fully clear when the Bohtan Emirate was exactly established. According to Sharafnama, Botan rulers are descendants of Suleman Khalid, the Bokhti tribal chief. He was succeeded by his eldest son Abdulaziz, whom all the Botan rulers are descended, hence why the ruling dynasty was called Azizan. Abdul-aziz and appointed each of his brothers (Mir Abdal and Mir Badir) as Governors of a districts of the emirate. While there's no recorded date on when it was established, Sharafkhan wrote in Sharafnama that the eighth Botan ruler, Mir Ezzaddin Abdal in 1394 went to Mardin to swore his allegiance to Timur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cizre
Cizre () is a city in the Cizre District of Şırnak Province in Turkey. It is located on the river Tigris by the Syria–Turkey border and close to the Iraq–Turkey border. Cizre is in the historical region of Upper Mesopotamia and the cultural region of Turkish Kurdistan. The city had a population of 130,916 in 2021. It is predominantly inhabited by Kurds. Cizre was founded as Jazirat Ibn ʿUmar in the 9th century by Taghlib#Abbasid period, Al-Hasan ibn Umar, List of rulers of Mosul, Emir of Mosul, on a manmade island in the Tigris. The city benefited from its situation as a river crossing and port in addition to its position at the end of an old Roman road which connected it to the Mediterranean Sea, and thus became an important commercial and strategic centre in Upper Mesopotamia. By the 12th century, it had adopted an intellectual and religious role, and sizeable Christian and Jewish communities are attested. Cizre suffered in the 15th century from multiple sackings and ult ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melayê Cizîrî
Melayê Cizîrî (, also Sheikh Ahmad Jaziri; – ), born Ahmad Nîşanî, was a Kurdish poet who laid the foundations for Kurdish poetry. Biography Born in Cizre of Bohtan around year 1570, Cizîrî was a Sufi who spoke Kurdish, Arabic and Persian. He only expressed himself literarily in Kurdish. He began his studies in his hometown before traveling to Baghdad, Syria, Egypt and Persia to study philosophy, astrology and divination. During this period, he became familiar with Hafez who would become an influence in his poetry. Other influences included Rumi, Saadi Shirazi and Jami. When he returned to Kurdistan, he established himself in Diyarbakır and began teaching until his death. He was buried in the city near Sur but his burial place has since then been destroyed by the Turkish military. Cizîrî was a friend of Sharafkhan Bidlisi of Principality of Bitlis and celebrated him in two poems. His love for Kurdistan was also explicitly expressed in his literature. Style ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ali Hariri
Ali Hariri or Sheikh Ahmed Bohtani (; 1009 in Harir – 1079/1080) was a Kurdish poet who wrote in Kurmanji and considered a pioneer in classical Kurdish Sufi literature and a founder of the Kurdish literary tradition. Biography Hariri was born in 1009 in the village of Harir, part of the Hakkâri district of Bohtan. He was first mentioned by Ahmad Khani in the 17th century, and limited information is known about him. His poetry focused on love, love for Kurdistan, its beautiful nature and the beauty of its people. The poems were popular and spread all over Kurdistan. According to historian Muhibbî, Hariri moved to Damascus to study and had a son named Şex Ehmed (d. 1048) who possibly was a mullah and a faqih. He died in Cizre Cizre () is a city in the Cizre District of Şırnak Province in Turkey. It is located on the river Tigris by the Syria–Turkey border and close to the Iraq–Turkey border. Cizre is in the historical region of Upper Mesopotamia and the cultu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahmud Bayazidi
Mahmud Bayazidi (, 1797 Doğubeyazıt – 1859 Erzurum), was an Ottoman Kurdish philosopher and polymath from Bayazid. Early life He was born in Bayazid (present-day Doğubeyazıt in Ağrı Province, Turkey) in 1797. He started his studies by reading the Koran, and then Arabic, Persian, Ottoman and Kurdish. He then moved to Tabriz in north-western Iran to continue his studies. After finishing his studies, he went back to his hometown and became a teacher. After the fall of Kurdish emirates in Bayazid, he moved to Erzurum. Works In 1856, the Russian academic ''A. Dorne'', asked ''A.D. Jaba'', the newly appointed Russian consulate in Erzurum, for assistance in analyzing documents in the Kurdish language. Jaba, in turn, employed Mahmud Bayazidi in the field of Kurdish language, history and Culture. With the assistance of Bayazidi, a number of Kurdish documents were sent to the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg, including some of Bayazidi's own writings. In 1858– ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian Alphabet
The Armenian alphabet (, or , ) or, more broadly, the Armenian script, is an alphabetic writing system developed for Armenian and occasionally used to write other languages. It is one of the three historical alphabets of the South Caucasus. It was developed around 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots, an Armenian linguist and ecclesiastical leader. The script originally had 36 letters. Eventually, two more were adopted in the 13th century. In reformed Armenian orthography (1920s), the ligature is also treated as a letter, bringing the total number of letters to 39. The Armenian word for 'alphabet' is ('), named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet: ' and '. Armenian is written horizontally, left to right. History and development Possible antecedents One of the classical accounts of the existence of an Armenian alphabet before Mesrop Mashtots comes from Philo of Alexandria (20 BCAD 50), who in his writings notes that the work of the Greek philosoph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ebubekir Pamukçu
Ebubekir Pamukçu (2 April 194618 July 1991) was a Zaza author, teacher, and publisher. He is known for his work on Zaza culture and Zazaki. Life Ebubekir Pamukçu was born on 2 April 1946 in Budaran (present-day ''Pamuklu''), the son of Havva and Kemal. His family was a Zaza Zaza may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Zaza (play), ''Zaza'' (play), written by French playwrights Pierre Berton and Charles Simon * Zaza (1915 film), ''Zaza'' (1915 film), a film directed by Edwin S. Porter * Zaza (1923 film), ''Zaza'' (1 ... family with ten children. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Pamukcu, Ebubekir 1946 births 1991 deaths Deaths from cancer 20th-century Turkish writers 20th-century Swedish writers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mehemed Malmîsanij
Mehmet Tayfun ''alias'' Malmîsanij (born 1952 in Diyarbakır) is a Kurdish author and linguist. He mostly writes in Zazaki. He often writes under the pseudonym Malmîsanij. He studied at the University of Ankara, and was under arrest three times between 1975 and 1981 because of his political activities. In 1982, he moved to Sweden. He continued his studies in Europe. He studied Iranian studies at the Sorbonne University, Iranian languages at the University of Uppsala and folk education at the University of Linköping. He has a master's degree from the University of Gothenburg. After Ehmedê Xasî and Osman Efendîyo Babij who wrote the first works in Zazaki, in the late 19th and early 20th century, nobody wrote in Zazaki until 1970. Malmîsanij is the first author who started modern Zazaki literature in the 1970s. He published the first Zazaki dictionary in 1987. He and his friends published a magazine, named "Tîrêj", in the 1970s. This magazine was half Zazaki and half Kurmanji ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mastoureh Ardalan
Mah Sharaf Khanom Mastoureh Ardalan or Mastura Ardalan (1805−1848) was a Kurdish poet, historian, and writer. She wrote mainly in Persian and Gorani. Biography Ardalan was born in Sanandaj in Qajar Iran and died in Sulaymaniyah in the Ottoman Empire. She was a member of the feudal aristocracy in the court of the Principality of Ardalan. She studied Kurdish, Arabic and Persian under the supervision of her father, Abolhasan Beig Qadiri. Her husband, Khasraw Khani Ardalan was the ruler of the principality. Her husband's death left the principality vulnerable to outside interference. When the Qajar state conquered the Ardalan territory in the 19th century, she and her family left for the '' Baban'' principality centered in Sulaymaniyah. Her son, Reza Qulikhan, the successor to ''Khasraw Khan'', was imprisoned by the Qajars. Works She wrote several books of poetry, history and literature. She mainly wrote in Hawrami or Gorani, a Kurdish dialect, and in Persian, but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khana Qubadi
Khana Qubadi (, 1700–1759) was a Kurdish poet from the Jaff tribe who wrote in Gorani. He belonged to the Hawrami school of poetry in the Ardalan principality and lived in Derne which was the capital of Derteng, Hulwan and Bajelan dynasties which is located in modern-day Salas-e Babajani County. He first lived in Ardalan, but had to flee to neighboring Baban because of his translations of the Quran to Gorani. Works His main published work is ''Şîrîn û Xesrew '' ( Shirin and Khasraw), written in 1740. Despite being a master in Persian and Persian literature Persian literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and is one of the world's oldest literatures. It spans over two-and-a-half millennia. Its sources have been within Greater Iran including present-day ..., he was in favor of using Kurdish as indicated in one of his poems: Xanay Qubadî, Şîrîn û Xesrew(Saxkirdnewey Ferheng û Pîşekî: Muhemmed Mela Kerîm) Korrî Zany ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
