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Jewish Insurgency In Mandatory Palestine
The Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine, known in the United Kingdom as the Palestine Emergency, was a paramilitary campaign carried out by Zionist militias and underground groups—including Haganah, Lehi (militant group), Lehi, and Irgun—against British rule in Mandatory Palestine from 1944 to 1948. The tensions between the Zionist underground and the British mandatory authorities rose from 1938 and intensified with the publication of the White Paper of 1939. The Paper outlined new government policies to place further restrictions on Jewish immigration and land purchases, and declared the intention of giving independence to Palestine, with an Arab majority, within ten years. Though World War II brought relative calm, tensions again escalated into an armed struggle towards the end of the war, when it became clear that the Axis powers were close to defeat. The Haganah, the largest of the Jewish underground militias, which was under the control of the officially recognised ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intercommunal Conflict In Mandatory Palestine
During the British rule in Mandatory Palestine, there was civil, political and armed struggle between Palestinian Arabs and the Jewish Yishuv, beginning from the violent spillover of the Franco-Syrian War in 1920 and until the onset of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The conflict shifted from sectarian clashes in the 1920s and early 1930s to an armed Arab Revolt against British rule in 1936, armed Jewish Revolt primarily against the British in mid-1940s and finally open war in November 1947 between Arabs and Jews. Background Zionist movement during Ottoman period Zionist leaders and advocates followed conditions in the land of Israel closely and travelled there regularly. In their correspondence early Zionist negotiators did not discuss the future of the land's Arab inhabitants, who numbered just under half a million during the late 19th century. According to Anita Shapira, among 19th and early 20th century Zionists: Early Zionists viewed the Arab residents of Palestine as p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haganah
Haganah ( , ) was the main Zionist political violence, Zionist paramilitary organization that operated for the Yishuv in the Mandatory Palestine, British Mandate for Palestine. It was founded in 1920 to defend the Yishuv's presence in the region, and was formally disbanded in 1948, when it became the core force integrated into the Israel Defense Forces shortly after the Israeli Declaration of Independence. Formed out of previous existing militias, Haganah's original purpose was to Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine, defend Jewish settlements against Arab attacks; this was the case during the Jaffa riots, 1921 Jaffa riots, the 1929 Palestine riots, the Jaffa riots (April 1936), 1936 Jaffa riots, and the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, among others. The paramilitary was under the control of the Jewish Agency for Israel, Jewish Agency, the official governmental body in charge of Palestine's Jewish community during the British era. Until the end of World War II, H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eitan Livni
Yeruham "Eitan" Livni (; 1 April 1919 – 27 December 1991) was a Revisionist Zionist activist, Irgun commander and Israeli politician, father of Israeli politician Tzipi Livni. Life and career Livni was born in Grodno, Poland (now in Belarus) on 1 April 1919 to Yitzhak and Dvora. His family moved to Mandatory Palestine in 1925 and settled in Tel Aviv. He went to High School and Trade School in Tel Aviv, and in 1938, he joined the Betar movement at Zikhron Ya'akov, where he was assigned to agricultural work and guard duty. Soon after, he joined the Irgun, and a year later, he was summoned to a commanders course at Tel Tzur (near Binyamina). When the Irgun proclaimed the Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine in February 1944, he was put in charge of the Irgun activities, and was later appointed to the General Headquarters as chief operations officer. He was arrested on April 4, 1946, for his participation in the sabotage operation against British railroads called " Night of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yitzhak Shamir
Yitzhak Shamir (, ; born Yitzhak Yezernitsky; October 22, 1915 – June 30, 2012) was an Israeli politician and the seventh prime minister of Israel, serving two terms (1983–1984, 1986–1992). Before the establishment of the State of Israel, Shamir was a leader of the Zionist militant group Lehi, also known as the ''Stern Gang.'' Yitzhak Shamir grew up in interwar Poland. Shamir joined Betar, the paramilitary wing of Revisionist Zionist Ze'ev Jabotinsky's Hatzohar political party. In 1935, Shamir emigrated from Białystok to British Palestine, where he worked in an accountant's office. Shamir joined the Revisionist Zionist Irgun paramilitary group led by Menachem Begin. During World War II the Irgun split over the question of whether to support the Axis Powers against the British Empire. Avraham Stern and Shamir sought an alliance with Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany and formed the breakaway militia group Lehi. Lehi was unable to persuade the Axis powers to lend it su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amichai Paglin
Amichai Paglin, codename "Gidi" (; December 1, 1922 – February 25, 1978) was an Israeli businessman who served as Chief Operations Officer of the Irgun during the Mandate era. He planned and personally led numerous attacks against the British during the Jewish insurgency in Palestine, including the notorious King David Hotel bombing, commanded the battle to conquer Jaffa in the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, and participated in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Following independence, he ran an industrial oven factory together with his father, and was later appointed Prime Minister Menachem Begin's counter-terrorism adviser. Only a few months after his appointment, however, Paglin died in a car crash. Biography Amichai Paglin was born in Tel Aviv, the son of Gershon and Sima Paglin. His family had immigrated from Lithuania in 1920. Paglin attended Tel Nordau elementary school and Balfour high school. He was in the same class as Lehi fighter Eliyahu Bet-Zuri and futur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Menachem Begin
Menachem Begin ( ''Menaḥem Begin'', ; (Polish documents, 1931–1937); ; 16 August 1913 – 9 March 1992) was an Israeli politician, founder of both Herut and Likud and the prime minister of Israel. Before the creation of the state of Israel, he was the leader of the Zionist militant group Irgun, the Revisionist Zionism, Revisionist breakaway from the larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah. He proclaimed a Irgun#Revolt, revolt, on 1 February 1944, against the Mandatory Palestine, British mandatory government, which was opposed by the Jewish Agency for Palestine#Jewish Agency for Palestine, Jewish Agency. As head of the Irgun, he Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine, targeted the British in Palestine, with a notable attack being the King David Hotel bombing. Later, the Irgun fought the Arabs during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine and, as its chief, Begin was described by the British government as the "leader of the notorious terrorist organisation" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Rymer-Jones
Brigadier John Murray Rymer-Jones (12 July 1897 – 17 December 1993) was a British Army and police officer. Early life Rymer-Jones was born in Blackheath, London, and educated at Felsted School and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Military career Commissioned into the Royal Field Artillery in 1916, Rymer-Jones served in France and Flanders during the First World War, winning the Military Cross (MC) in 1917 and a bar in 1918, while serving with the 74th Field Brigade. The citation for his first MC reads: "For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He went forward with the first wave of the infantry in an attack to the final objective, establishing signal stations at each objective as he went forward. He sent in early information as to the capture of the objectives and other valuable reports. He kept his lines working, continually going about repairing them under heavy fire, and sent in timely information of an enemy concentration for a counter-attack. He showed c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort
Field marshal (United Kingdom), Field Marshal John Standish Surtees Prendergast Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort, (10 July 1886 – 31 March 1946) was a senior British Army officer. As a young officer during the First World War, he was decorated with the Victoria Cross for his actions during the Battle of the Canal du Nord. During the 1930s he served as Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom), Chief of the Imperial General Staff (the professional head of the British Army). He is best known for commanding the British Expeditionary Force (World War II), British Expeditionary Force that was sent to France in the first year of the Second World War, only to be evacuated from Dunkirk the following year. Gort later served as Governor of Gibraltar and List of Governors of Malta, Malta, and High Commissioner for Palestine and High Commissioner for Trans-Jordan, Transjordan. Early life Vereker was born in London. His mother was Eleanor, Viscountess Gort née Surtees (1857–1933; later Elea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gordon MacMillan
General (United Kingdom), General Sir Gordon Holmes Alexander MacMillan of MacMillan and Knap, (7 January 1897 – 21 January 1986) was a Scottish professional soldier who rose to become a general in the British Army. As a young officer during the First World War, he displayed outstanding bravery and was awarded a Military Cross and two Medal bar, Bars. At the age of 19 and while still a second lieutenant, he was appointed Acting (rank), acting adjutant of the 2nd Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. Between the World Wars, MacMillan remained in the army, occupying posts of increasing seniority. He married Marian Blakiston Houston in 1929, and they had one daughter and four sons. During the Second World War, MacMillan served initially in England, putting in place defensive strategies against a Operation Sea Lion, possible invasion by the Germans. He was appointed Brigadier General Staff IX Corps (United Kingdom), IX Corps in December 1941, remaining in this post during ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harold MacMichael
Sir Harold Alfred MacMichael (15 October 1882 – 19 September 1969) was a British colonial administrator who served as High Commissioner for Palestine. Early life and career Educated at Bedford School, MacMichael graduated with a first from Magdalene College, Cambridge. After passing his civil service exam, he entered the Sudan Political Service in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. He then served in the Blue Nile Province until 1915, when he became a senior inspector of Khartoum Province. He rose to the position of civil secretary in 1926. In 1933, he became governor of Tanganyika until 1937. High Commissioner of Palestine The next year, he became High Commissioner of the British Mandate of Palestine. In 1942, he was blamed for sending at least 768 Jewish refugees aboard MV ''Struma'' to their deaths. During his tenure, MacMichael was the target of seven unsuccessful assassination attempts, mainly by the Lehi Group (the Stern Gang). In the last, both he and his wife narrowly escap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alan Cunningham
Sir Alan Gordon Cunningham, (1 May 1887 – 30 January 1983), was a senior Officer (armed forces), officer of the British Army noted for his victories over Italian forces in the East African Campaign (World War II), East African Campaign during the Second World War. He then commanded Eighth Army in the desert campaign, but was relieved of command during the ''Operation Crusader, Crusader'' battle against Erwin Rommel. Later he served as the seventh and last High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan, High Commissioner of Palestine. He was the younger brother of Admiral of the Fleet Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope, Lord Cunningham of Hyndhope. Early life and military career Cunningham was born in Dublin, Ireland, the third son of Scottish Professor Daniel John Cunningham and his wife Elizabeth Cumming Browne. He was educated at Cheltenham College and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich before taking a Commissioned officer, commission in the Royal A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Evelyn Barker
General (United Kingdom), General Sir Evelyn Hugh Barker, (22 May 1894 – 23 November 1983) was a British Army officer who saw service in both the First World War and the Second World War. During the latter, he commanded the 10th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom), 10th Brigade during the Battle of France in 1940, the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division and the VIII Corps (United Kingdom), VIII Corps in the Western Front (World War II), Western Europe Campaign from 1944 to 1945. After the war, Barker was the General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the Palestine Command, British Forces in Palestine and Trans-Jordan from 1946 to 1947, during the Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine, Palestine Emergency. He is remembered for surviving assassination attempts during the insurgency, his anti-Semitism, and his controversial order in the wake of the King David Hotel bombing in July 1946 in which he declared, "[We] will be punishing the Jews in a way the race dislikes as much as any, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
